MIFID II Commodity Position Limits
Background
On 3 January 2018, a new Directive 2014/65/EC (“MiFID II”) and Regulation (EU) No 600/2014 (“MiFIR”) will become effective, introducing new requirements on position limits and position reporting for commodity derivatives and emission allowances.
National Competent Authorities (“NCAs”) (i.e. regulators) of each European Economic Area (“EEA”) Country will calculate the limits on the size of the net position that a person can hold in commodity derivatives traded on an EU venue or its “economically equivalent contracts” (“EEOTC”).
The European Securities and Markets Authority (“ESMA”) intends to publish approved position limits on its website.
Limits will be set for the spot month and all other months, for both physically settled and cash settled commodities.
Investment firms trading in commodity derivatives and emissions allowances are obliged, on a daily basis, to report
their own positions in commodity derivatives traded on a trading venue and EEOTC contracts, as well as those of
their clients and the clients of those clients until the end client is reached, to the NCA.
Clients holding positions have to be identified using specified National Identifiers for individuals and LEIs for
organisations under MiFID II.
Interactive Brokers’ Implementation of the Requirements
In order to comply with its reporting obligations, IB will not allow its clients to trade if they have not provided the
specific National Identifier or LEI that is necessary for reporting positions of in scope financial products.
Whenever possible, IB will act to prevent account holders from entering transactions that may result in a position
limit violation. This process will include monitoring account activity, sending a series of notifications intended to
allow the account holder to self-manage exposure and placing trading restrictions on accounts approaching a limit.
Examples of notifications which are sent via email, TWS bulletin and Message Center are as follows:
- Information Level: sent when the position exceeds 50% of the limit. Intended to inform as to the existence of the position limit and its level.
- Warning Level: sent when the position exceeds 70% of the limit. Intended to provide advance warning that account will be subject to trading restrictions should exposure increase to 90%.
- Restriction Level: sent when the position exceeds 90% of the limit. Provides notice that account is restricted to closing transactions until exposure has been reduced to 85%.
IBKRでのビットコイン先物の取引
取引シンボルは何ですか？
CME（ビットコイン先物）: 原資産シンボルのBRRを入力して先物を指定します
CME（イーサリアム先物）: 原資産シンボルのETHUSDRRを入力して先物を指定します
ICE（Bakkt®ビットコイン先物）: 原資産シンボルのBAKKTを入力して先物を指定します
取引時間はどうなっていますか？
CME: シカゴ時間で日曜から金曜の17:00 – 16:00
ICE: シカゴ時間で日曜から金曜の19:00 – 17:00
通常取引時間以外の取引をご希望の場合や、通常取引時間以外の注文のトリガーをご希望の場合には、これに対して適格な設定が必要となります。下記の手順に沿って設定してください:
- 先物注文の事前設定経由で。クラシックTWS内ではグローバル設定から変更をクリックしてください。モザイク内ではグローバル設定からファイルをクリックしてください。左側にある事前設定を拡張して先物を選択します。最初の項目はタイミングです。ここで「取引時間外の（該当する場合には）注文の有効化、トリガーおよび約定を許可する」ボックスにチェックを入れてください。適用をクリックしてから、OKをクリックしてください。
- 注文ライン経由で。クラシックTWSおよびモザイクのどちらからも 注文有効期限の欄をクリックし、画面下の「通常時間外トリガー」にチェックを入れてください。WebTraderからは注文ラインの終わりにある「取引時間外約定」にチェックを入れてください。
- 注文チケット経由で。注文有効期限の項目より、「注文の通常取引時間外の約定を許可する」のボックスにチェックを入れてください。
通常取引時間外の先物取引に関する詳細は以下のリンクをご確認ください:
https://www.interactivebrokers.com/en/index.php?f=719
コントラクトの仕様に関する情報はどこから入手できますか？
CME（ビットコイン先物）: http://www.cmegroup.com/trading/bitcoin-futures.html?itm_source=cmegroup&itm_medium=flyout&itm_campaign=bitcoin&itm_content=tech_flyout
CME（イーサリアム先物）: https://www.cmegroup.com/trading/ether-futures.html
ICE（Bakkt®ビットコイン先物）: https://www.theice.com/products/72035464/Bakkt-Bitcoin-USD-Monthly-Futures-Contact
取引に規制はありますか？
IRAやSIPPなどの退職金口座、また日本居住のお客様にはお取引いただけません。
必要証拠金はどうなっていますか？
シンプルなロングポジションのための必要証拠金は、 前日の時点で主要となる月の決済価格の50%に設定されます。シンプルなショートポジションの場合、証拠金率は日次の決済価格の100%になります。
スプレッド・マージン: ロングとショートの各コントラクト（ロングとショートの両レッグに対し50%とし）に必要となる維持証拠金間の差額、また各スプレッドに対し、取引き可能なXBT先物コントラクト内で最大の日次決済価格の25%に相当するスプレッド費用となります。
IBKRではマージンコールを行うことは無く、IBKRの裁量によって必要証拠金が変更される可能性があることをご了承ください。
すべての商品に関する現在に必要証拠金に関する詳細は、IBKRウェブサイトの以下の項目をご参照ください: https://www.interactivebrokers.com/en/index.php?f=24176
手数料はどうなっていますか？
CMEおよびICE商品の暗号通貨先物に対する手数料は、コントラクト1枚あたりUSD 10になります。IBKRでは取引所手数料、規制当局手数料およびクリアリング機関手数料をパススルー致します。
取引所手数料、規制当局手数料およびクリアリング機関手数料に関する詳細は、弊社ウェブサイトの手数料ページをご確認ください:
https://www.interactivebrokers.com/en/index.php?f=commission&p=futures1
どういった取引許可が必要となりますか？
暗号通貨先物の取引には、米国における暗号通貨による先物取引のための許可が必要となります。米国暗号通貨先物用の取引許可は、クライアント・ポータルにログインし、ユーザーメニュー（右上にある人型のアイコンです）をクリックしてから、口座管理を選択してリクエストしてください。右上端にある取引経験 & 取引許可の項目にある、ギヤアイコンをクリックしてください。「先物」の項目に進み、「United States (Crypto)」にチェックを入れてください。
マーケットデータはどのように購読できますか？
暗号通貨先物のライブ・クオートは、購読料をお支払いただくことにより、クライアント・ポータルよりご購読ができます。以下の購読が可能です（購読にかかる月額料金はIBKRウェブサイトに掲載されています）:
CME (Exchange = CME. IB Exchange = CME)
一般投資家向け
- Level 1: CME Real-Time Non-Professional Level 1
- Level 1: US Securities Snapshot and Futures Value Bundle (NP,L1)
- Level 2: CME Real-Time Non-Professional Level 2
- Level 2: US Value Bundle PLUS (NP,L2)
- US Securities Snapshot and Futures Value Bundleが必要となります。
- 板情報用です。
特定投資家向け
- Level 2: CME Real-Time Professional Level 2（CME Pro level 1商品はありません）
ICE (Exchange = ICE, IB Exchange = ICECRYPTO)
- Level 2: ICE Futures US - Digital Asset Futures Level 2 （プロフェッショナルまたは一般購読者のお客様にご利用いただけるlevel 1商品はありません）
目次に戻る: IBKRにおけるビットコインおよびその他の暗号通貨商品
Trading Cryptocurrency Futures with IBKR
What is the trading symbol?
CME (Bitcoin Futures): Enter the underlying symbol BRR in order to bring up the futures
CME (Ether Futures): Enter the underlying symbol ETHUSDRR to bring up the futures
ICE (Bakkt® Bitcoin Futures): Enter the underlying symbol BAKKT to bring up the futures
What are the trading hours?
CME: 17:00 – 16:00 Chicago Time, Sunday – Friday
ICE: 19:00-17:00 Chicago Time, Sunday – Friday
Please note, if you wish to trade outside of regular trading hours or have your order triggered outside of regular trading hours you must configure your order accordingly. You can do so using the following steps:
- Through Futures Order Presets. In Classic TWS, click Edit followed by Global Configuration. In Mosaic, click File followed by Global Configuration. Expand the Presets section on the left side and select Futures. The first section will be Timing, and you will want to check the box that says "Allow order to be activated, triggered, or filled outside of regular trading hours (if available)". Click Apply and OK once finished.
- Through the order line. In both Classic TWS as well as Mosaic, click on the Time in Force field and check the box at the bottom that says "Trigger outside RTH". In WebTrader, check the box at the end of the order line that says "Fill Outside RTH".
- Through the Order Ticket. In the Time in Force section, check the box that says "Allow this order to be filled outside of regular trading hours".
Please see the following link for more information on trading futures outside of regular trading hours:
https://www.interactivebrokers.com/en/index.php?f=719
Where can I find information about the contract specifications?
CME (Bitcoin Futures): http://www.cmegroup.com/trading/bitcoin-futures.html?itm_source=cmegroup&itm_medium=flyout&itm_campaign=bitcoin&itm_content=tech_flyout
CME (Ether Futures): https://www.cmegroup.com/trading/ether-futures.html
ICE (Bakkt® Bitcoin Futures): https://www.theice.com/products/72035464/Bakkt-Bitcoin-USD-Monthly-Futures-Contact
Will there be any restrictions on trading?
Trading will not be offered in retirement accounts (e.g., IRA, SIPP) or for residents of Japan.
What is the Margin Requirement?
The margin requirement for outright long positions will be set at 50% of the prior day's lead month settlement price. In the case of outright short positions, the margin rate will be 100% of the daily settlement price.
Spread Margin: The net difference between the outright customer maintenance margin requirements on each long and short contracts (using 50% for both the long and the short leg) plus, for each spread, a spread charge equal to 25% of the daily settlement price that is the greatest among all XBT futures contracts available for trading.
Clients are reminded that IBKR does not issue margin calls and may modify margin requirements at any time, at IBKR's sole discretion.
Please refer to the following section of the IBKR website for current margin requirements for all products: https://www.interactivebrokers.com/en/index.php?f=24176
What are the commissions?
The commission rate for Crypocurrency futures will be USD 10 per contract for the CME and ICE products. IBKR will pass through exchange, regulatory and clearing fees.
For more information on commission as well as exchange, regulatory and clearing fees, please visit the Commission page of our website:
https://www.interactivebrokers.com/en/index.php?f=commission&p=futures1
What trading permissions are required?
To trade Crypocurrency futures, you must have trading permissions for US Crypto Futures. You can request US Crypto Futures trading permission in Client Portal by clicking the User menu (head and shoulders icon in the top right corner) followed by Manage Account. Click the gear icon in the top right corner of the Trading Experience & Permissions section. Go to the "Futures" section and check off "United States (Crypto)".
What are the market data subscription options?
Live quotes for Crypocurrency futures are available on a paid subscription basis through Client Portal. The following subscriptions are offered (monthly subscription fees are posted to the IBKR website):
CME (Exchange = CME. IB Exchange = CME)
Non-Professional
- Level 1: CME Real-Time Non-Professional Level 1
- Level 1: US Securities Snapshot and Futures Value Bundle (NP,L1)
- Level 2: CME Real-Time Non-Professional Level 2
- Level 2: US Value Bundle PLUS (NP,L2)
- Requires US Securities Snapshot and Futures Value Bundle
- This is only for depth of book
Professional
- Level 2: CME Real-Time Professional Level 2 (There is no CME Pro level 1 product)
ICE (Exchange = ICE, IB Exchange = ICECRYPTO)
- Level 2: ICE Futures US - Digital Asset Futures Level 2 (There is no level 1 available for either professional or professional)
Back to Table of Contents: Bitcoin and Other Cryptocurrency Products @ IBKR
Risks of Volatility Products
Trading and investing in volatility-related Exchange-Traded Products (ETPs) is not appropriate for all investors and presents different risks than other types of products. Among other things, ETPs are subject to the risks you may face if investing in the components of the ETP, including the risks relating to investing in complex securities (such as futures and swaps) and risks associated with the effects of leveraged investing in geared funds. Investors should be familiar with the diverse characteristics of each ETF, ETN, future, option, swap and any other relevant security type. We have summarized several risk factors (as identified in prospectuses for ETPs and in other sources) and included links so you can conduct further research. Please keep in mind that this is not a complete list of the risks associated with these products and investors are responsible for understanding and familiarizing themselves completely before entering into risk-taking activities. By providing this information, Interactive Brokers (IB) is not offering investment or trading advice regarding ETPs to any customer. Customers (and/or their independent financial advisors) must decide for themselves whether ETPs are an appropriate investment for their portfolios.
An ETP may not be benchmarked to the index it appears to track
"An investor should only consider an investment in a Fund if he or she understands the consequences of seeking exposure to VIX futures contracts. The Funds are benchmarked to the S&P VIX Short-Term Futures Index, an investable index of VIX futures contracts. The Funds are not benchmarked to the VIX Index. The VIX Index is a non-investable index that measures the implied volatility of the S&P 500. For these purposes, "implied volatility" is a measure of the expected volatility (i.e., the rate and magnitude of variations in performance) of the S&P 500 over the next 30 days. The VIX Index does not represent the actual volatility of the S&P 500. The VIX Index is calculated based on the prices of a constantly changing portfolio of S&P 500 put and call options. The Index underlying each Fund consists of short-term VIX futures contracts. As such, the performance of the Index and the Funds can be expected to be very different from the actual volatility of the S&P 500 or the performance of the VIX Index." [Page 1]
"… your ability to benefit from any rise or fall in the level of the VIX Index is limited. The Index underlying your ETNs is based upon holding a rolling long position in futures on the VIX Index. These futures will not necessarily track the performance of the VIX Index. Your ETNs may not benefit from increases in the level of the VIX Index because such increases will not necessarily cause the level of VIX Index futures to rise. Accordingly, a hypothetical investment that was linked directly to the VIX Index could generate a higher return than your ETNs." [Page PS-12]
ETPs may not provide a suitable hedge
"Historical correlation trends between the Index and other asset classes may not continue or may reverse, limiting or eliminating any potential diversification or other benefit from owning a Fund." [Page 20]
Volatility based ETPs are volatile in themselves and are not intended for long term investment
"… investments can be highly volatile and the Funds may experience large losses from buying, selling or holding such investments. ... In addition, gains, if any, may be subject to significant and unexpected reversals. The Funds generally are intended to be used only for short-term investment horizons. As with all investments, an investor in any of the Funds could potentially lose the full principal value of his/her investment, even over periods as short as one day." [Page 1]
"The ETNs are only suitable for a very short investment horizon. The relationship between the level of the VIX Index and the underlying futures on the VIX Index will begin to break down as the length of an investor’s holding period increases, even within the course of a single Index Business Day. ... The ETNs are not long term substitutes for long or short positions in the futures underlying the VIX Index. ... The long term expected value of your ETNs is zero. If you hold your ETNs as a long term investment, it is likely that you will lose all or a substantial portion of your investment. " [Page PS-15]
The use of leveraged positions could result in the total loss of an investment
"The Ultra Fund utilizes leverage in seeking to achieve its investment objective and will lose more money in market environments adverse to its respective daily investment objectives than funds that do not employ leverage…
For example, because the Ultra Fund includes a two times (2x) multiplier, a single-day movement in the Index approaching 50% at any point in the day could result in the total loss or almost total loss of an investor’s investment if that movement is contrary to the investment objective of the Fund, even if the Index subsequently moves in an opposite direction, eliminating all or a portion of the movement…
Inverse positions can also result in the total loss of an investor’s investment. For the Inverse Fund, a single-day or intraday increase in the level of the Fund’s benchmark approaching 100% could result in the total loss or almost total loss of an investor’s investment, even if such Fund’s benchmark subsequently moves lower. " [Page 14]
Possible illiquid markets may exacerbate losses
"Financial Instruments cannot always be liquidated at the desired price. It is difficult to execute a trade at a specific price when there is a relatively small volume of buy and sell orders in a market. A market disruption can also make it difficult to liquidate a position or find a swap counterparty at a reasonable cost. " [Page 17]
Short covering may intensify losses in volatility-related ETPs
In the event of a sudden market volatility change, many traders with positions in volatility-related products will incur substantial unexpected losses. These losses may cause them to choose to close their positions. The losses may also result in margin deficits and subsequent liquidations of some or all positions. Such closing trades will add to the movement of these products. Since speculative interest in the VIX is at an all-time high, there may be no precedent for what will happen if volatility moves quickly.
The Commodity Futures Trading Commission's (CFTC) weekly Commitments of Traders (COT) report provides a breakdown of the net positions for "non-commercial" (speculative) traders in U.S. futures markets. As of September 2017 CFTC reported VIX speculative net short is at an all-time high.
"Despite the fact that the average daily closing value of the CBOE Volatility Index (VIX) is about 11.5 so far this year, VIX futures and options both had record days for volume and for open interest this month. … VIX futures hit a new record for open interest with more than 673,000 contracts on August 7 (2017), and VIX options reached a new record for open interest with 14,783,380 contracts open on August 15 (2017)."
*As this data is constantly changing, investors in volatility-related products should regularly check for updates.
ETP issuers may redeem shares for cash in the event of extreme moves
"The Intraday Indicative Value on any Index Business Day could be reduced to 20% or less of the prior day’s Closing Indicative Value. If this occurs, we may choose to exercise our right to effect an Event Acceleration of the ETNs for an amount equal to that day’s Closing Indicative Value and you may not receive any of your initial investment." [Page PS-17]
Allocation of Partial Fills
How are executions allocated when an order receives a partial fill because an insufficient quantity is available to complete the allocation of shares/contracts to sub-accounts?
Overview:
From time-to-time, one may experience an allocation order which is partially executed and is canceled prior to being completed (i.e. market closes, contract expires, halts due to news, prices move in an unfavorable direction, etc.). In such cases, IB determines which customers (who were originally included in the order group and/or profile) will receive the executed shares/contracts. The methodology used by IB to impartially determine who receives the shares/contacts in the event of a partial fill is described in this article.
Background:
Before placing an order CTAs and FAs are given the ability to predetermine the method by which an execution is to be allocated amongst client accounts. They can do so by first creating a group (i.e. ratio/percentage) or profile (i.e. specific amount) wherein a distinct number of shares/contracts are specified per client account (i.e. pre-trade allocation). These amounts can be prearranged based on certain account values including the clients’ Net Liquidation Total, Available Equity, etc., or indicated prior to the order execution using Ratios, Percentages, etc. Each group and/or profile is generally created with the assumption that the order will be executed in full. However, as we will see, this is not always the case. Therefore, we are providing examples that describe and demonstrate the process used to allocate partial executions with pre-defined groups and/or profiles and how the allocations are determined.
Here is the list of allocation methods with brief descriptions about how they work.
· AvailableEquity
Use sub account’ available equality value as ratio.
· NetLiq
Use subaccount’ net liquidation value as ratio
· EqualQuantity
Same ratio for each account
· PctChange1:Portion of the allocation logic is in Trader Workstation (the initial calculation of the desired quantities per account).
· Profile
The ratio is prescribed by the user
· Inline Profile
The ratio is prescribed by the user.
· Model1:
Roughly speaking, we use each account NLV in the model as the desired ratio. It is possible to dynamically add (invest) or remove (divest) accounts to/from a model, which can change allocation of the existing orders.
Basic Examples:
Details:
CTA/FA has 3-clients with a predefined profile titled “XYZ commodities” for orders of 50 contracts which (upon execution) are allocated as follows:
Account (A) = 25 contracts
Account (B) = 15 contracts
Account (C) = 10 contracts
Example #1:
CTA/FA creates a DAY order to buy 50 Sept 2016 XYZ future contracts and specifies “XYZ commodities” as the predefined allocation profile. Upon transmission at 10 am (ET) the order begins to execute2but in very small portions and over a very long period of time. At 2 pm (ET) the order is canceled prior to being executed in full. As a result, only a portion of the order is filled (i.e., 7 of the 50 contracts are filled or 14%). For each account the system initially allocates by rounding fractional amounts down to whole numbers:
Account (A) = 14% of 25 = 3.5 rounded down to 3
Account (B) = 14% of 15 = 2.1 rounded down to 2
Account (C) = 14% of 10 = 1.4 rounded down to 1
To Summarize:
A: initially receives 3 contracts, which is 3/25 of desired (fill ratio = 0.12)
B: initially receives 2 contracts, which is 2/15 of desired (fill ratio = 0.134)
C: initially receives 1 contract, which is 1/10 of desired (fill ratio = 0.10)
The system then allocates the next (and final) contract to an account with the smallest ratio (i.e. Account C which currently has a ratio of 0.10).
A: final allocation of 3 contracts, which is 3/25 of desired (fill ratio = 0.12)
B: final allocation of 2 contracts, which is 2/15 of desired (fill ratio = 0.134)
C: final allocation of 2 contract, which is 2/10 of desired (fill ratio = 0.20)
The execution(s) received have now been allocated in full.
Example #2:
CTA/FA creates a DAY order to buy 50 Sept 2016 XYZ future contracts and specifies “XYZ commodities” as the predefined allocation profile. Upon transmission at 11 am (ET) the order begins to be filled3 but in very small portions and over a very long period of time. At 1 pm (ET) the order is canceled prior being executed in full. As a result, only a portion of the order is executed (i.e., 5 of the 50 contracts are filled or 10%).For each account, the system initially allocates by rounding fractional amounts down to whole numbers:
Account (A) = 10% of 25 = 2.5 rounded down to 2
Account (B) = 10% of 15 = 1.5 rounded down to 1
Account (C) = 10% of 10 = 1 (no rounding necessary)
To Summarize:
A: initially receives 2 contracts, which is 2/25 of desired (fill ratio = 0.08)
B: initially receives 1 contract, which is 1/15 of desired (fill ratio = 0.067)
C: initially receives 1 contract, which is 1/10 of desired (fill ratio = 0.10)
The system then allocates the next (and final) contract to an account with the smallest ratio (i.e. to Account B which currently has a ratio of 0.067).
A: final allocation of 2 contracts, which is 2/25 of desired (fill ratio = 0.08)
B: final allocation of 2 contracts, which is 2/15 of desired (fill ratio = 0.134)
C: final allocation of 1 contract, which is 1/10 of desired (fill ratio = 0.10)
The execution(s) received have now been allocated in full.
Example #3:
CTA/FA creates a DAY order to buy 50 Sept 2016 XYZ future contracts and specifies “XYZ commodities” as the predefined allocation profile. Upon transmission at 11 am (ET) the order begins to be executed2 but in very small portions and over a very long period of time. At 12 pm (ET) the order is canceled prior to being executed in full. As a result, only a portion of the order is filled (i.e., 3 of the 50 contracts are filled or 6%). Normally the system initially allocates by rounding fractional amounts down to whole numbers, however for a fill size of less than 4 shares/contracts, IB first allocates based on the following random allocation methodology.
In this case, since the fill size is 3, we skip the rounding fractional amounts down.
For the first share/contract, all A, B and C have the same initial fill ratio and fill quantity, so we randomly pick an account and allocate this share/contract. The system randomly chose account A for allocation of the first share/contract.
To Summarize3:
A: initially receives 1 contract, which is 1/25 of desired (fill ratio = 0.04)
B: initially receives 0 contracts, which is 0/15 of desired (fill ratio = 0.00)
C: initially receives 0 contracts, which is 0/10 of desired (fill ratio = 0.00)
Next, the system will perform a random allocation amongst the remaining accounts (in this case accounts B & C, each with an equal probability) to determine who will receive the next share/contract.
The system randomly chose account B for allocation of the second share/contract.
A: 1 contract, which is 1/25 of desired (fill ratio = 0.04)
B: 1 contract, which is 1/15 of desired (fill ratio = 0.067)
C: 0 contracts, which is 0/10 of desired (fill ratio = 0.00)
The system then allocates the final [3] share/contract to an account(s) with the smallest ratio (i.e. Account C which currently has a ratio of 0.00).
A: final allocation of 1 contract, which is 1/25 of desired (fill ratio = 0.04)
B: final allocation of 1 contract, which is 1/15 of desired (fill ratio = 0.067)
C: final allocation of 1 contract, which is 1/10 of desired (fill ratio = 0.10)
The execution(s) received have now been allocated in full.
Available allocation Flags
Besides the allocation methods above, user can choose the following flags, which also influence the allocation:
· Strict per-account allocation.
For the initially submitted order if one or more subaccounts are rejected by the credit checking, we reject the whole order.
· “Close positions first”1.This is the default handling mode for all orders which close a position (whether or not they are also opening position on the other side or not). The calculation are slightly different and ensure that we do not start opening position for one account if another account still has a position to close, except in few more complex cases.
Other factor affects allocations:
1) Mutual Fund: the allocation has two steps. The first execution report is received before market open. We allocate based onMonetaryValue for buy order and MonetaryValueShares for sell order. Later, when second execution report which has the NetAssetValue comes, we do the final allocation based on first allocation report.
2) Allocate in Lot Size: if a user chooses (thru account config) to prefer whole-lot allocations for stocks, the calculations are more complex and will be described in the next version of this document.
3) Combo allocation1: we allocate combo trades as a unit, resulting in slightly different calculations.
4) Long/short split1: applied to orders for stocks, warrants or structured products. When allocating long sell orders, we only allocate to accounts which have long position: resulting in calculations being more complex.
5) For non-guaranteed smart combo: we do allocation by each leg instead of combo.
6) In case of trade bust or correction1: the allocations are adjusted using more complex logic.
7) Account exclusion1: Some subaccounts could be excluded from allocation for the following reasons, no trading permission, employee restriction, broker restriction, RejectIfOpening, prop account restrictions, dynamic size violation, MoneyMarketRules restriction for mutual fund. We do not allocate to excluded accountsand we cancel the order after other accounts are filled. In case of partial restriction (e.g. account is permitted to close but not to open, or account has enough excess liquidity only for a portion of the desired position).
Footnotes:
Additional Information Regarding the Use of Stop Orders
U.S. equity markets occasionally experience periods of extraordinary volatility and price dislocation. Sometimes these occurrences are prolonged and at other times they are of very short duration. Stop orders may play a role in contributing to downward price pressure and market volatility and may result in executions at prices very far from the trigger price.
Investors may use stop sell orders to help protect a profit position in the event the price of a stock declines or to limit a loss. In addition, investors with a short position may use stop buy orders to help limit losses in the event of price increases. However, because stop orders, once triggered, become market orders, investors immediately face the same risks inherent with market orders – particularly during volatile market conditions when orders may be executed at prices materially above or below expected prices.
While stop orders may be a useful tool for investors to help monitor the price of their positions, stop orders are not without potential risks. If you choose to trade using stop orders, please keep the following information in mind:
· Stop prices are not guaranteed execution prices. A “stop order” becomes a “market order” when the “stop price” is reached and the resulting order is required to be executed fully and promptly at the current market price. Therefore, the price at which a stop order ultimately is executed may be very different from the investor’s “stop price.” Accordingly, while a customer may receive a prompt execution of a stop order that becomes a market order, during volatile market conditions, the execution price may be significantly different from the stop price, if the market is moving rapidly.
· Stop orders may be triggered by a short-lived, dramatic price change. During periods of volatile market conditions, the price of a stock can move significantly in a short period of time and trigger an execution of a stop order (and the stock may later resume trading at its prior price level). Investors should understand that if their stop order is triggered under these circumstances, their order may be filled at an undesirable price, and the price may subsequently stabilize during the same trading day.
· Sell stop orders may exacerbate price declines during times of extreme volatility. The activation of sell stop orders may add downward price pressure on a security. If triggered during a precipitous price decline, a sell stop order also is more likely to result in an execution well below the stop price.
· Placing a “limit price” on a stop order may help manage some of these risks. A stop order with a “limit price” (a “stop limit” order) becomes a “limit order” when the stock reaches or exceeds the “stop price.” A “limit order” is an order to buy or sell a security for an amount no worse than a specific price (i.e., the “limit price”). By using a stop limit order instead of a regular stop order, a customer will receive additional certainty with respect to the price the customer receives for the stock. However, investors also should be aware that, because a sell order cannot be filled at a price that is lower (or a buy order for a price that is higher) than the limit price selected, there is the possibility that the order will not be filled at all. Customers should consider using limit orders in cases where they prioritize achieving a desired target price more than receiving an immediate execution irrespective of price.
· The risks inherent in stop orders may be higher during illiquid market hours or around the open and close when markets may be more volatile. This may be of heightened importance for illiquid stocks, which may become even harder to sell at the then current price level and may experience added price dislocation during times of extraordinary market volatility. Customers should consider restricting the time of day during which a stop order may be triggered to prevent stop orders from activating during illiquid market hours or around the open and close when markets may be more volatile, and consider using other order types during these periods.
· In light of the risks inherent in using stop orders, customers should carefully consider using other order types that may also be consistent with their trading needs.
"EMIR": Reporting to Trade Repository Obligations and Interactive Brokers Delegated Service to help meet your obligations
1. Background: In 2009 the G20 pledged to undertake reforms aimed at increasing transparency and reducing counterparty risk in the OTC derivatives market post the financial crisis of 2008. The European market infrastructure regulation (“EMIR”) implements most of these pledges in the EU. EMIR is a EU regulation and entered into force on 16 August 2012.
2. Financial instruments and asset classes reportable under EMIR: OTC and Exchange Traded derivatives for the following asset classes: credit, interest, equity, commodity and foreign exchange derivatives Reporting obligation does not apply to exchange traded warrants.
3. Who do EMIR reporting obligations apply to: Reporting obligations normally apply to all counterparties established in the EU with the exception of natural persons. They apply to:
* Financial Counterparties (“FC”)
* Non-financial counterparties above the clearing threshold (“NFC+”)
* Non-financial counterparties below the clearing threshold (“NFC-“)
* Third country Entities outside the EU (“TCE”) in some limited circumstances
The reporting obligations essentially apply to any entity established in the EU that has entered into a derivatives contract.
4. Financial counterparties (“FC”): include banks, investment firms, credit institutions, insurers, UCITS and pension schemes and Alternative Investment Fund managed by an AIFM. The Alternative Investment Fund (“AIF”) will only become an FC if the manager of that AIF is authorised under the Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive (“AIFMD”), so a fund outside the EU may be subject to EMIR reporting requirements.
5. Non-Financial Counterparty (“NFC”): A NFC is defined as an undertaking established in the EU other than those defined as a FC or a Central Counterparty (“CCP”), like the Clearing Houses. NFCs have lesser obligations than FCs. But when an NFC breaches a “clearing threshold” it becomes an NFC+, when it is subject to almost the same obligations as FCs (including collateral and valuation reporting). NFCs below the clearing threshold are known as NFC-s. In practice anyone other than a natural individual person (i.e. an individual or individuals operating a joint
account) is defined as an NFC- and subject to reporting obligations.
INTERACTIVE BROKERS DELEGATED REPORTING SERVICE TO HELP MEET YOUR REPORTING OBLIGATIONS
6. What service will Interactive Brokers offer to its customers to facilitate them fulfill their reporting obligations i.e. will it offer a delegated service for trade reporting as well as facilitating issuance of LEI: As noted above, both FCs and NFCs must report details of their transactions (both OTC and ETD) to authorized Trade Repositories. This obligation can be discharged directly through a Trade Repository, or by delegating the operational aspects of reporting to the counterparty or a third party (who submits reports on their behalf).
Interactive Brokers intends to facilitate the issuance of LEIs and offer delegated reporting to customers for whom it executes and clear trades, subject to customer consent, to the extent it is possible to do so from an operational, legal and regulatory perspective.
If you are subject to EMIR Reporting you will shortly be able to log into the IB Account Management system and apply for an LEI and delegate your reporting to Interactive Brokers.
We intend to include valuation reporting but only if and to the extent and for so long as it is permissible for Interactive brokers to do so from a legal and regulatory perspective and where the counterparty is required to do so (i.e. in cases where it is a FC or NFC+).
However, this would be subject to condition that Interactive Brokers uses its own trade valuation for reporting purposes.
7. Can EMIR reporting be delegated: EMIR allows either counterparty to delegate reporting to a third-party. If a counterparty or CCP delegates reporting to a third party, it remains ultimately responsible for complying with the reporting obligation. Likewise, the counterparty or CCP must ensure that the third party to whom it has delegated reports correctly. Brokers and dealers do not have a reporting obligation when acting purely in an agency capacity. If a block trade gives rise to multiple transactions, each transaction would have to be reported.
FUNDS AND SUB-FUNDS - The obligations under EMIR are on the counterparty which may be the fund or sub-fund. The fund or sub-fund that is the principal to transactions will have to provide details of their classification (FC, NFC+ or NFC-), authorization for delegated reporting and Legal Entity Identifier (“LEI”) application.
8. Exemptions under Article 1(4) and 1(5) of EMIR: Articles 1(4) and 1(5) of EMIR exempt certain entities from some or all of the obligations set out in EMIR, depending on their classification. Specifically, exempt entities under Article 1(4) are exempt from all obligations set out in EMIR, while exempt entities under Article 1(5) are exempt from all obligations except the reporting obligation, which continues to apply.
9. Entities qualifying under Article 1(4) and 1(5) of EMIR: Article 1(4) initially applied only to EU central banks, Union public bodies involved in the management of public debt and the Bank for International Settlements. Subsequently the
application of the Article 1(4) exemption was extended to include the central banks and debt management offices of the United States and Japan. The Commission has indicated that further foreign central banks and debt management offices may be added in the future if they are satisfied that equivalent regulation is put in place in those jurisdictions. Article 1(5) broadly exempts the following categories of entities:
- Multilateral development banks;
- Non-commercial public sector entities owned and guaranteed by central government; and
- The European Financial Stability Facility and the European Stability Mechanism.
10. OTC and Exchange Traded Derivatives: There is no distinction between reporting of exchange traded derivatives (“ETDs”) and OTC contracts within the level 1 regulations, implementing technical standards, or regulatory technical standards of ESMA.
The contract is to be identified by using a unique product identifier. In addition, a unique trade identifier will be required for transactions. In the event that a globally agreed system of product identifiers does not materialise, it has been suggested that International Securities Identification numbers (“ISIN”), Alternative Instruments Identifiers (“AII”), or Classification of Financial Instruments Codes (“CFI”) may serve as alternatives.
11. Trade repository Interactive Brokers use: Interactive Brokers (U.K.) Limited will use the services of CME ETR, which is part of the CME Group.
12. Issuance of Legal Entity Identifiers (“LEI”)
All EU counterparties entering into derivative trades will need to have a LEI In order to comply with the reporting obligation. The LEI will be used for the purpose of reporting counterparty data.
A LEI is a unique identifier or code attached to a legal person or structure, that will allow for the unambiguous identification of parties to financial transactions.
“EMIR”: Further Information on Reporting to Trade Repository Obligations
13. Thresholds which determine whether an NFC is an NFC+ or NFC-: Breaching any of the following clearing threshold values will mean classification as an NFC+. Positions must be calculated on a notional, 30-day rolling average basis:
• EUR 1 billion in gross notional value for OTC credit derivative contracts;
• EUR 1 billion in gross notional value for OTC equity derivative contracts;
• EUR 3 billion in gross notional value for OTC interest rate derivative contracts;
• EUR 3 billion in gross notional value for OTC FX derivative contracts; and
• EUR 3 billion in gross notional value for OTC commodity derivative contracts and other OTC derivative contracts not covered above.
For the purpose of calculating whether a clearing threshold has been breached, an NFC must aggregate the transactions of all non-financial entities in its group (and determine whether or not those entities are inside or outside the EU) but discount transactions entered into for hedging or treasury purposes. The term “hedging transactions” in this context means transactions objectively measureable as reducing risks directly relating to the commercial activity or treasuring financing activity of the NFC or its group.
14. Reporting Of Exposures: FCs and NFC+s must report on:
* Mark-to-market or mark-to-model valuations of each contract
* Details of all collateral posted, either on a transaction or portfolio basis (i.e. where collateral is calculated on the basis of net positions resulting from a set of contracts rather than being posted on a transaction by transaction basis)
15. Timetable to report to Trade repositories: The reporting start date is 12 February 2014:
* New contracts they enter into on or after February 12th, on a trade date +1;
* Positions open from contracts entered into on or after 16 August 2012 and still open on February 12th, 2014 must be reported to a trade repository by February 12th 2014;
* Positions open from contracts entered into before 16th August and still open on February 12th, 2014 must be reported to a trade repository by 13th May 2014;
* Reporting of valuation and collateral must be reported to a trade repository by 12th August 2014;
* Contracts that were either entered before, on or after 16 August 2012 but not open on 12th February 2014 must be reported to a trade repository by February 12th, 2017.
16. What must be reported and when: Information must be reported on the counterparties to each trade (counterparty data) and the contracts themselves (common data).
There are 26 items that must be reported with regard to counterparty data, and 59 items that must be reported with regard to common data. These items are set out within tables 1 and 2 of the Annex to the ESMA’s Regulatory technical standards on minimum details to be reported to trade repositories.
Counterparties and CCPs have to make a report:
* when a contract is entered into
* when a contract is modified
* when a contract is terminated
A report must be made no later than the working day following the conclusion, modification or termination of the contract.
17. What has to be reported and who is responsible for reporting: Reporting applies to both OTC derivatives and exchange traded derivatives. The reporting obligation applies to counterparties to a trade, irrespective of their classification. Please note:
* Reporting of valuation and collateral is only required for FCs and NFC+s
* Every trade must be normally be reported by both counterparties.
THIS INFORMATION IS GUIDANCE FOR INTERACTIVE BROKERS CLEARED CUSTOMERS ONLY
NOTE: THE INFORMATION ABOVE IS NOT INTENDED TO BE A COMPREHENSIVE, EXHAUSTIVE NOR A DEFINITIVE INTERPRETATION OF THE REGULATION, BUT A SUMMARY OF ESMA’S EMIR REGULATION AND RESULTING TRADE REPOSITORY REPORTING OBLIGATIONS.
Determining Tick Value
Financial instruments are subject to minimum price changes or increments which are commonly referred to as ticks. Tick values vary by instrument and are determined by the listing exchange. IB provides this information directly from the Contract Search tool on the website or via the Trader Workstation (TWS). To access from TWS, enter a symbol on the quote line, right click and from the drop-down window select the Contract Info and then Details menu options. The contract specifications window for the instrument will then be displayed (Exhibit 1).
To determine the notional value of a tick, multiple the tick increment by the contract trade unit or multiplier. As illustrated in the example below, the LIFFE Mini Silver futures contact has a tick value or minimum increment of .001 which, when multiplied by the contract multiplier of 1,000 ounces, results in a minimum tick value of $1.00 per contract. Accordingly, every tick change up or down results in a profit or loss of $1.00 per LIFFE Mini Silver futures contract.
Exhibit 1
Compatibility between MetaTrader and Interactive Brokers
概観:
Interactive Brokers (IBKR) provides to its account holders a variety of proprietary trading platforms at no cost and therefore does not actively promote or offer the platforms or add-on software of other vendors. Nonetheless, as IBKR's principal trading platform, the TraderWorkstation (TWS), operates with an open API, there are numerous third-party vendors who create order entry, charting and various other analytical programs which operate in conjunction with the TWS for purposes of executing orders through IBKR. As these API specifications are made public, we are not necessarily aware of all vendors who create applications to integrate with the TWS but do offer a program referred to as the Investors Marketplace which operates as a self-service community bringing together third party vendors who have products and services to offer with IBKR customers seeking to fill a specific need.
While MetaQuotes Software is not a participant of IBKR's Investors Marketplace, they offer to Introducing Brokers the oneZero Hub Gateway so that MetaTrader 5 can be used to trade IBKR Accounts[1]. Clients interested would need to contact oneZero directly for additional assistance. Please refer to the Contact section from the following URL.
Note: Besides oneZero Hub Gateway, different vendors such as Trade-Commander, jTWSdata and PrimeXM also offer a software which they represent, acts as a bridge between MetaTrader 4/5 and the TWS. As is the case with other third-party software applications, IBKR is not in a position to provide information or recommendations as to the compatibility or operation of such software.
1: oneZero is not available for Individual Accounts, please click here for more information on Introducing Brokers.
Commodity Futures & Futures Options Position Limits
Regulators and exchanges typically impose limits on the number of commodity positions any customer may maintain with the intent of controlling excessive speculation, deterring market manipulation, ensuring sufficient market liquidity for bona fide hedgers and to prevent disruptions to the price discovery function of the underlying market. These limits are intended as strict caps, with no one account or group of related accounts allowed to aggregate or maintain a position in excess of the stated limit. Outlined below is an overview of the various limit types, calculation considerations, enforcement and links for finding additional information.
I. POSITION LIMIT TYPES
Position limits generally fall into one of the following 4 categories:
1. All Months Limit - apply to the account holder's positions summed across all delivery months for a given contract (e.g. positions in CBOT Oat futures contract for the Mar, May, Jul, Sep and Dec delivery months combined).
2. Single Month Limit - apply to the account holder's positions in any given futures delivery month (e.g. positions in CBOT Oat futures contract for any of the Mar, May, Jul, Sep and Dec delivery months). Note that in certain instances, the limit may vary by delivery month.
3. Spot Month Limit - apply to the account holder's positions in the contract month currently in delivery. For example, the March contract month for a product having delivery months of March, June, September and December, while considered a nearby month at the start of the year, does not become a spot month contract for position limit purposes until the date it actually enters delivery. Most spot month limits become effective at the close of trading on the day prior to the First Notice Date (e.g., if the First Notice Date for a Dec contract is the last trading date of the prior month, then the spot month limit would apply as of the close of business on Nov 29th). In other instances, the limit goes into effect or tightens during the last 3-10 days of trading.
4. Expiration Month Limit - expiration month limits apply to the account holder's positions in the contract currently in its last month of trading. Most expiration month limits become effective at the open of trading on the first business day of the last trading month. If the contract ceases trading before delivery begins, then the expiration month may precede the delivery month. (e.g., if the last trade date for a Dec contract is Nov 30th, then the expiration month limit would apply as Nov 1st). In other instances, the limit goes into effect or tightens during the last 3-10 days of trading.
II. CALCULATION CONSIDERATIONS
- Position limits are determined by aggregating option and futures contracts. In the case of option contracts, the position is converted to an equivalent futures position based upon the delta calculations provided by the exchange.
- Positions in contracts with non-standard notional values (e.g. mini-sized contracts) are normalized prior to aggregation.
- Most limits are applied on a net position basis (long - short) although certain are applied on a gross position basis (long + short). For purposes of determining the net or gross position, long calls and short puts are considered equivalent to long futures positions (subject to the delta adjustment) and short calls and long puts equivalent to short futures positions.
- Limits are imposed on both an intra-day and end of day basis.
III. ENFORCING LIMITS
IB acts to prevent account holders from entering into transactions which would result in a position limit violation. This process includes monitoring account activity, sending a series of notifications intended to allow the account holder to self-manage exposure and placing trading restrictions upon accounts approaching a limit. Examples of notifications which are sent via email, TWS bulletin and Message Center are as follows:
1. Information Level - sent when the position exceeds 50% of the limit. Intended to inform as to the existence of the position limit and its level.
2. Warning Level - sent when the position exceeds 70% of the limit. Intended to provide advance warning that account will be subject to trading restrictions should exposure increase to 90%.
3. Restriction Level - sent when the position exceeds 90% of the limit. Provides notice that account is restricted to closing transactions until exposure has been reduced to 85%.
IV. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
For additional information, including various exchange rules position limit thresholds by contract and limit type, please refer to the following website links:
CFE ( Rule 412) - http://cfe.cboe.com/publish/CFERuleBook/CFERuleBook.pdf
CME (Rule 559) - http://www.cmegroup.com/rulebook/CME/index.html
CME (CBOT Rule 559) - http://www.cmegroup.com/rulebook/CBOT/index.html
CME (NYMEX Rule 559) - http://www.cmegroup.com/rulebook/NYMEX/index.html
ELX Futures (Rule IV-11) - http://www.elxfutures.com/PDFs/Rulebooks/ELX-FUTURES-RULEBOOK.aspx
ICE US / NYBOT (Rules 6.26 to 6.28) - https://www.theice.com/publicdocs/rulebooks/futures_us/6_Regulatory.pdf
NYSE LIFFE (Rule 420) - http://www.nyseliffeus.com/rulebook
OneChicago (Rule 414) - http://www.onechicago.com/wp-content/uploads/rules/OneChicago_Current_Rulebook.pdf
