Introduzione
Per saperne di più
Definizioni chiave relative ai margini
Strumenti forniti per osservare e gestire il margine
Come stabilire il potere d'acquisto
Come stabilire se stai operando con fondi ottenuti in prestito tramite IBKR
Perché IBKR calcola e segnale il requisito di margine quando non ricevo fondi in prestito?
Le opzioni su future, così come i margini per contratti future, sono regolati attraverso un algoritmo di calcolo noto come “marginazione SPAN”. Per informazioni sullo SPAN e su come funziona ti invitiamo a consultare il sito web del CME Group www.cmegroup.com. Nel sito web ufficiale potrai fare una ricerca sullo SPAN e troverai molte informazioni utili su questo argomento e sul funzionamento di questo algoritmo la cui sigla sta per Standard Portfolio Analysis of Risk. Si tratta di una metodologia altamente sofisticata che calcola i requisiti relativi alla performance delle obbligazioni attraverso un’analisi dei vari scenari ipotetici in base alle diverse possibili condizioni di mercato.
In genere ecco come funziona il sistema SPAN:
Lo SPAN valuta il rischio complessivo del portafoglio calcolando la peggiore perdita possibile che un portafoglio con titoli derivati e strumenti fisici possa sostenere in un determinato periodo di tempo (una giornata di contrattazione). Per fare questo il sistema calcola i profitti e le perdite del portafoglio in diverse condizioni di mercato. Al centro della metodologia vi è la matrice di rischio, una serie di valori numerici che indicano in che modo un dato contratto potrà guadagnare o perdere valore in determinate condizioni. Ogni condizione viene detta “scenario di rischio”. Il valore numerico per ciascun scenario di rischio rappresenta il profitto o la perdita alla quale andrà incontro un determinato contratto per una determinata combinazione di variazione del prezzo (o del prezzo del sottostante, variazione della volatilità e diminuzione al momento della scadenza.
I file del margine ottenuti con il sistema SPAN vengono inviati dalla borsa valori a IBKR ad intervalli specifici durante tutta la giornata e vengono quindi inseriti in un calcolatore di margine SPAN. Tutte le opzioni su future continuano ad essere calcolate legate al rischio fino alla loro scadenza oppure alla loro chiusura. Il fatto che questo tipo di opzione possa essere “out-of-the-money” è ininfluente. Tutti gli scenari devono tener conto di cosa potrebbe accadere in condizioni di estrema volatilità del mercato e di conseguenza l’impatto sul margine di questo opzioni su future verrà considerato fino a quando sarà presente una posizione su questo tipo di prodotto. I requisiti di margine SPAN vengono quindi confrontati con gli scenari predefiniti relativi a movimenti estremi di mercato realizzati da IBKR.
Introduction
Where to Learn More
Tools provided to monitor and manage margin
How to determine if you are borrowing funds from IBKR
Why does IBKR calculate and report a margin requirement when I am not borrowing funds?
The Standard Portfolio Analysis of Risk (SPAN) is a methodology developed by the CME and used by many clearinghouses and exchanges around the world to calculate the Performance Bond (i.e., margin requirement) on futures and options on futures which the clearinghouse collects from the carrying FCM and the FCM, in turn, from the client.
SPAN establishes margin by determining what the potential worst-case loss a portfolio will sustain over a given time frame (typically set to one day), using a set of 16 hypothetical market scenarios which reflect changes to the underlying price of the future or option contract and, in the case of options, time decay and a change in implied volatility.
The first step in calculating the SPAN requirement is to organize all positions which share the same ultimate underlying into grouping referred to as a Combined Commodity group. Next, SPAN calculates and aggregates, by like scenario, the risk of each position within a Combined Commodity, with that scenario generating the maximum theoretical loss being the Scan Risk. The 16 scenarios are determined based upon that Combined Commodity’s Price Scan Range (the maximum underlying price movement likely to occur for the given timeframe) and Volatility Scan Range (the maximum implied volatility change likely to occur for options).
Assume a hypothetical portfolio having one long future and a one long put on stock index ABC having an underlying price of $1,000, a multiplier of 100 and a Price Scan Range of 6%. For this given portfolio, the Scan Risk would be $1,125 scenario 14.
# |
1 Long Future |
1 Long Put |
Sum |
Scenario Description |
1 |
$0 |
$20 |
$20 |
Price unchanged; Volatility up the Scan Range |
2 |
$0 |
($18) |
($18) |
Price unchanged; Volatility down the Scan Range |
3 |
$2,000 |
($1,290) |
$710 |
Price up 1/3 Price Scan Range; Volatility up the Scan Range |
4 |
$2,000 |
($1,155) |
$845 |
Price up 1/3 Price Scan Range; Volatility down the Scan Range |
5 |
($2,000) |
$1,600 |
($400) |
Price down 1/3 Price Scan Range; Volatility up the Scan Range |
6 |
($2,000) |
$1,375 |
($625) |
Price down 1/3 Price Scan Range; Volatility down the Scan Range |
7 |
$4,000 |
($2,100) |
$1,900 |
Price up 2/3 Price Scan Range; Volatility up the Scan Range |
8 |
$4,000 |
($2,330) |
$1,670 |
Price up 2/3 Price Scan Range; Volatility down the Scan Range |
9 |
($4,000) |
$3,350 |
($650) |
Price down 2/3 Price Scan Range; Volatility up the Scan Range |
10 |
($4,000) |
$3,100 |
($900) |
Price down 2/3 Price Scan Range; Volatility down the Scan Range |
11 |
$6,000 |
($3,100) |
$2,900 |
Price up 3/3 Price Scan Range; Volatility up the Scan Range |
12 |
$6,000 |
($3,375) |
$2,625 |
Price up 3/3 Price Scan Range; Volatility down the Scan Range |
13 |
($6,000) |
$5,150 |
($850) |
Price down 3/3 Price Scan Range; Volatility up the Scan Range |
14 |
($6,000) |
$4,875 |
($1,125) |
Price down 3/3 Price Scan Range; Volatility down the Scan Range |
15 |
$5,760 |
($3,680) |
$2,080 |
Price up extreme (3 times the Price Scan Range) * 32% |
16 |
($5,760) |
$5,400 |
($360) |
Price down extreme (3 times the Price Scan Range) * 32% |
The Scan Risk charge is then added to any Intra-Commodity Spread Charges (an amount that accounts for the basis risk of futures calendar spreads) and Spot Charges (A charge that covers the increased risk of positions in deliverable instruments near expiration) and is reduced by any offset from an Inter-Commodity Spread Credit (a margin credit for offsetting positions between correlated products). This sum is then compared to the Short Option Minimum Requirement (ensures that a minimum margin is collected for portfolios containing deep-out-of-the-money options) with the greater of the two being the risk of the Combined Commodity. These calculations are performed for all Combined Commodities with the Total Margin Requirement for a portfolio equal to the sum of the risk of all Combined Commodities less any credit for risk offsets provided between the different Combined Commodities.
The software for computing SPAN margin requirements, known as PC-SPAN is made available by the CME via its website.
Futures options, as well as futures margins, are governed by the exchange through a calculation algorithm known as SPAN margining. For information on SPAN and how it works, please research the exchange web site for the CME Group, www.cmegroup.com. From their web site you can run a search for SPAN, which will take you to a wealth of information on the subject and how it works. The Standard Portfolio Analysis of Risk system is a highly sophisticated methodology that calculates performance bond requirements by analyzing the “what-ifs” of virtually any market scenario.
In general, this is how SPAN works:
SPAN evaluates overall portfolio risk by calculating the worst possible loss that a portfolio of derivative and physical instruments might reasonably incur over a specified time period (typically one trading day.) This is done by computing the gains and losses that the portfolio would incur under different market conditions. At the core of the methodology is the SPAN risk array, a set of numeric values that indicate how a particular contract will gain or lose value under various conditions. Each condition is called a risk scenario. The numeric value for each risk scenario represents the gain or loss that that particular contract will experience for a particular combination of price (or underlying price) change, volatility change, and decrease in time to expiration.
The SPAN margin files are sent to IBKR at specific intervals throughout the day by the exchange and are plugged into a SPAN margin calculator. All futures options will continue to be calculated as having risk until they are expired out of the account or are closed. The fact that they might be out-of-the-money does not matter. All scenarios must take into account what could happen in extreme market volatility, and as such the margin impact of these futures options will be considered until the option position ceases to exist. The SPAN margin requirements are compared against IBKR's pre-defined extreme market move scenarios and the greater of the two are utilized as margin requirement.
Traditional and SEP IRA owners may process a full conversion of cash or securities into a Roth IRA that has identical trading capabilities at Interactive Brokers.
An IRA Roth Conversion is a transfer of Traditional, SEP, or SIMPLE IRA assets into a Roth IRA as a rollover or conversion.
While Interactive Brokers is unable to re-designate a Traditional or SEP IRA as a Roth IRA (e.g. change the same Traditional IRA into a Roth IRA), you may still complete a Roth conversion without sending funds to another brokerage firm. See below for methods to convert your IRA funds into a Roth IRA.
Internal Full Conversion Between IB Accounts
Conversion By Rollover Deposit
Click Conversions and Recharacterizations for additional information.
The IRS permits eligible IRA owners to contribute funds to a Roth IRA from a Traditional or SEP IRA. Regardless of the conversion method used, the entire transaction is treated as a conversion. There are three (3) conversion methods available for converting into an IB Roth IRA account:
(1) Internal Full Conversion (Cash & Securities)
(2) Rollover Deposit (Cash only)
(3) Trustee-to-Trustee Transfer (Cash only)
[In Funds Management of the Traditional or SEP IRA, choose: IRA Conversion to Roth Account. Or, click Position Transfers, then select IRA Conversion - Transfer Assets to Roth Account.]
Note: Select the funding option IRA Conversion or Re-characterization in the Funding section of the account application to perform a full conversion. For step-by-step instructions, click here. See Partial IRA Conversions to perform a partial conversion.
[In Funds Management of the Roth IRA, choose the following deposit method: Cash Transfers. In the Transaction List, select Deposit Cash. In the Method List, select Check, Wire, Automated Clearing House (A.C.H.), or Direct Rollover. Choose Rollover as the IRA Deposit Type.]
Note: Selecting Rollover designates the deposit as a "conversion contribution," provided funds originate from an IRA or qualified plan. Select Cash Deposit instructions for step-by-step deposit instructions.
[In Funds Management of the Roth IRA, choose the following deposit method: Cash Transfers. In the Transaction List, select Deposit Cash. In the Method List, select Trustee-to-Trustee.]
Important Note: IB is not responsible for the tax reporting of any funds distributed from the Traditional or SEP IRA held at another firm. Customers should speak with a tax advisor before requesting an IRA distribution as withholding tax may apply. Customers must contact the other firm to ensure that the IRA distribution is appropriately designated.
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For additional information on Forms 5498 and 1099-R, see US Year End Tax Forms.
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