如何用手机向IBKR发送文件

Overview: 

即使您一时无法扫描文件,盈透证券也支持您给我们发送文件副本。您可以用手机将所需文件拍下来。

下方介绍了在不同手机操作系统下如何拍照并将照片通过电子邮件发送给盈透证券的详细步骤:

如果您已经知道如何拍照并通过电子邮件发送图片,请点击此处——电子邮件应该发送到哪里以及邮件主题应该写什么

 

iOS
1. 从手机屏幕的底部向上滑,然后点击相机图标。

如果没找到相机图标,您可以从iPhone主屏幕点击相机应用程序图标。

通常情况下打开的应该是后置摄像头。如果打开的是前置摄像头,请点击摄像头切换按钮。


2. 将手机移到文件上方,镜头对准需要的位置或页面。

 

3. 确保光线均匀、充足,避免因为拿手机的姿势在文件上投下任何阴影。手机拿稳,防止抖动。点击拍照按钮拍照。

 

4. 点击左下角的缩略图查看您刚刚拍的照片。


5.  确保照片清晰,文件字迹清楚。您可以用两个手指在图片上划开来放大图片查看细节。

如果图片质量或亮度不好,请重复上述步骤重新拍照。


6. 点击屏幕左下角的分享图标。



7. 点击电子邮件图标。

注意:要发送电子邮件,您的手机必须有相应配置。如果不知道如何配置,请联系您的电子邮件供应商。

 

8. 请参见此处了解如何填写电子邮件收件人(To:)和主题(Subject:)。填写完毕后,点击右上方的向上箭头发送邮件。

 


安卓
1. 打开应用程序列表,启动相机应用程序。或者直接从手机主屏幕启动相机。取决于您的手机型号、制造商或设置,相机应用程序的叫法可能有所不同。

通常情况下打开的应该是后置摄像头。如果打开的是前置摄像头,请点击摄像头切换按钮。

 

2. 将手机移到文件上方,镜头对准需要的位置或页面。

 

3. 确保光线均匀、充足,避免因为拿手机的姿势在文件上投下任何阴影。手机拿稳,防止抖动。点击拍照按钮拍照。


4.  确保照片清晰,文件字迹清楚。您可以用两个手指在图片上划开来放大图片查看细节。

如果图片质量或亮度不好,请重复上述步骤重新拍照。


5. 点击屏幕右下角的空白圈圈图标。   

 

6. 点击屏幕左下角的分享图标。


7. 在显示的分享菜单中点击手机上安装好的电子邮件客户端的图标。下图显示的是Gmail,但手机设置不同,电子邮件程序也会不同。

注意:要发送电子邮件,您的手机必须有相应配置。如果不知道如何配置,请联系您的电子邮件供应商。

8. 请参见此处了解如何填写电子邮件收件人(To:)和主题(Subject:)。填写完毕后,点击右上方的飞机图标发送邮件。

 


电子邮件应该发送到哪里以及邮件主题应该写什么
应按照以下说明发送邮件:
1. 在收件人(To:)字段,输入:

  •   newaccounts@interactivebrokers.com(如果您是非欧洲国家居民)
  •   newaccounts.uk@interactivebrokers.co.uk(如果您是欧洲国家居民)

2. 主题(Subject:)字段必须注明所有以下信息:

  •     您的账户号码(通常格式为Uxxxxxxx,其中x是数字)您的用户名
  •     发送文件的目的。请采用以下惯例:
    • 居住地证明请写PoRes
    • 身份证明请写PID

 

交易平台登录失败故障排除

点击以下最能描述您遇到的问题的链接:

 
 
 
 
a. 请确认您的账户是否已获批。若账户未获批或是在每天的截止时间以后获批的,则该账户只能访问客户端,不能访问交易平台(对于在每天的截止时间以后获批的账户,次日将可访问交易平台)
 
b. 请确认您的账户是否仍处在开立状态。已关户的账户,不论是客户自己关户的还是由于余额为零被IBKR关户的,都将无法登录交易平台,但仍可访问客户端以查看活动及税务报表。客户可使用账户处于开立状态时的用户名和密码组合访问客户端,且无需使用安全设备。
 
c. 如您正在尝试登录模拟交易账户,请确保您使用的不是真实账户的用户名和密码。只有在登录窗口的下拉菜单中选择了模拟账户才可使用该用户名和密码组合登录。
 
 
 
 

a. 如您使用的是临时密码,请注意字母区分大小写且必须以大写格式输入

b. 如您使用的是安全卡或电子密码设备,请注意字符之间无空格

 
 
 
 
出于安全考虑,所有与用户名及/或密码相关的请求必须通过电话发起,且须事先验证账户持有人的身份。应向所在区域的客服中心发起请求。
 
 
 
 
a. 请确认您的互联网连接正常(打开另一个网站来测试)。如您无法获得互联网连接,请联系您的网络服务供应商寻求帮助。
 
b. 请确认是否有防火墙阻止您访问TWS。如果是这种情况,则您需要重新设置防火墙以访问。* 
 

c. 端口4000/4001被禁。在酒店、咖啡厅等公共网络环境下这些端口常常无法访问,因此需解锁这些端口来应用入站/出站TCP协议。此外,如果您的电脑连接了路由器,则路由器上也需打开这些端口。*

*点击以下链接检查您的连接状态:IBKR连接测试页面

 
 
 
 
如您的安全设备暂时不在身边,您可通过电话联系您所在地区的客服中心,在验证您的身份后,我们会向您提供一个临时密码,供您临时访问账户。
 
临时密码是一个静态的包含字母与数字的代码,能代替通过您的安全设备随机生成的代码,可供您在2天内完整登录客户端或交易平台。如您需更长时间的临时访问权限,以及提高账户的安全保障,我们建议您使用临时密码登录客户端,然后将在线安全卡打印出来——在线安全卡最长可在3周内代替您的安全设备。
 
如果临时密码或在线安全卡过期了,或您重新拿到了您的安全设备,那么您需要登录客户端并选择菜单选项来重新激活您的安全设备。
 
 
 
 
如果您的安全设备遗失或损坏了,您将需要联系我们的客服中心请求更换安全设备或申请临时访问权限。视您居住的国家/地区不同,运输替换设备需要3-14天,因此我们会通过在线安全代码卡向您提供临时访问权限。拿到临时密码访问客户端后,您可将在线安全卡打印出来或作为图片保存至您的电脑上。
 
 
 
 
临时密码可供客户在2天时间内完整登录客户端或交易平台。2天后,您将无法使用临时密码登录交易平台,但仍可在10天内使用该密码登录客户端。然而,登录客户端后只能打印或保存在线安全卡而无法进行其它操作。
 
如您仍可使用临时密码登录客户端,您可打印或保存在线安全代码卡,然后在之后的21天内通过该卡完整登录客户端或交易平台。如您无法登录客户端,请联系您所在地区的客服中心寻求帮助。
 
 
 
 
使用在线安全代码卡完整登录客户端及交易平台的有效期为21天。尽管时间有限,但这段时间应足够账户持有人重新拿到之前不在身边的安全设备或申请拿到替换设备。
 
如您无法使用在线安全代码卡登录,请联系您所在地区的客服中心寻求帮助或了解您永久安全设备的状态信息。
 
 
 
 
对于美国居民,实体安全设备会在2天内寄送至您账户登记的地址,其它地区的账户则需要2周。请注意,如账户持有人未手动激活永久设备,则设备在一定的时间后将自动激活。如果是这种情况且您在登录账户时遇到了困难,请通过ibkr.com/support上列出的号码联系我们的技术协助部门。
 
 
 
 
如果您仍可使用临时密码登录客户端,则您可打印或保存在线安全卡并通过该卡在21天内完整登录客户端及交易平台。
 
如您无法登录客户端,请联系您所在地区的客服中心寻求帮助。
 
 
 
 
您已收到了您新申请的双因素安全设备。寄送设备的信封内附上了有关激活的详细说明。或者,视您所在的地区不同,卡片会在2-3周内自动激活。
 

 

How to verify your identity using your Secure Login Device

Overview: 

Some tasks in Client Portal will ask you to verify your identity by using the Challenge Code/Response String method in order to proceed further.

This article will guide you in completing these tasks with the following Secure Login Devices:

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Verify your identity with IB Key (iOS)

1. When you initiate a task that requires a verification, you will be prompted to enter Username and Password. Fill out the information and click on Continue (Figure 1).

Figure 1.

2. A Challenge Code will be displayed, along with a passcode field to enter a response (Figure 2). You will enter this Challenge Code onto your phone.

Figure 2.

3. Launch IBKR Mobile on your iOS smartphone, and...

     3.a. If the app opens with the home screen (Figure 3), select Authenticate then proceed with step 4.

     3.b. If the app opens with the login screen (Figure 4), tap Services on the top left (red arrow), select Authenticate (Figure 3) and proceed with step 4.

     3.c. If the app opens with your Home Page, Portfolio, Watchlists, or similar (Figure 5), tap More on the bottom-right (red arrow). Then tap Two-Factor Authentication (Figure 6), tap Generate Code (Figure 7) and proceed with step 4.

Figure 3.                                           Figure 4.
     

Figure 5.                                           Figure 6.                                            Figure 7.

          

4. Type the Challenge Code from Client Portal (see step 2.) into the corresponding field and select Generate Passcode (Figure 8).

Figure 8.

5. Use Touch ID or Face ID for two-factor authentication.

If Touch ID has not been activated, IB Key will prompt you to enter your smartphone's passcode. A response string will then be generated (Figure 9).

     5.1 If you use Touch ID, place your registered finger on the Home Button (Figure 9). A response string will then be generated (Figure 10).

Figure 9.                                                       Figure 10.
     

     5.2 If you use Face ID, look at your iOS smartphone screen (Figure 11). A response string will then be generated (Figure 12).

Figure 11.                                                          Figure 12.
    

6. Enter the response string from IB Key into the passcode field of Client Portal and click Continue (Figure 13).

Figure 13.

 

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Verify your identity with IB Key (Android)

1. When you initiate a task that requires a verification, you will be prompted to enter Username and Password. Fill out the information and click on Continue (Figure 1A).

Figure 1A.

2. A Challenge Code will be displayed, along with a passcode field to enter a response (Figure 2A). You will enter this Challenge Code onto your phone.

Figure 2A.

3. Launch IBKR Mobile on your Android smartphone, and...

     3.a. If the app opens with the home screen (Figure 3A), select Authenticate then proceed with step 4.

     3.b. If the app opens with the login screen (Figure 4A), tap Services on the top left (red arrow), select Authenticate (Figure 3A) and proceed with step 4.

     3.c. If the app opens with your Home Page, Portfolio, Watchlists, or similar (Figure 5A), tap More on the bottom-right (red arrow). Then tap Two-Factor Authentication (Figure 6A), followed by Generate Response (Figure 7A), and proceed with step 4.

Figure 3A.                                            Figure 4A.

    

Figure 5A.                                          Figure 6A.                                     Figure 7A.

         

4. Type the PIN that you determined during the IB Key registration process and the Challenge Code from Client Portal into the corresponding fields, then select Generate Passcode. A response string will then be generated (Figure 8A).

Figure 8A.

5. Enter the response string from IB Key into the passcode field of Client Portal and click Continue (Figure 9A).

Figure 9A.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Verify your identity with Digital Security Card+ (DSC+)

1. When you initiate a task that requires a verification, you will be prompted to enter Username and Password. Fill out the information and click on Continue (Figure 1B).

Figure 1B.

2. A Challenge Code will be displayed, along with a passcode field to enter a response (Figure 2B). You will enter this Challenge Code onto your DSC+.

Figure 2B.

3. Turn on your DSC+ using the “press” button until 'PIN>' is displayed (Figure 3B). Enter the 4-digit PIN code you specified at the time you requested the device, then confirm with the “OK” button (Figure 4B).

Figure 3B.                                                              Figure 4B.                                                    

     

4. When 'CHALLNG>' is displayed (Figure 5B), enter the 6-digit Challenge Code from the Client Portal screen into the DSC+, then confirm with the "OK" button (Figure 6B).

Figure 5B.                                                              Figure 6B.                                       
    

5. A response code will appear (Figure 7B).

Figure 7B.                                                  

6. Enter the response string from your DSC+ into the passcode field of Client Portal and click Continue (Figure 8B).

Figure 8B.

How to send documents to IBKR using your smartphone

Overview: 

Interactive Brokers allows you to send us a copy of a document even if you do not currently have access to a scanner. You can take a picture of the requested document with your smartphone.

Below you will find the instructions on how to take a picture and send it per email to Interactive Brokers with the following smartphone operating systems:

If you already know how to take and send pictures per email using your smartphone, please click HERE - Where to send the email to and what to include in the subject.

 

iOS
1. Swipe up from the bottom of your smartphone screen and tap the camera icon.

If you do not have the Camera icon, you can tap the Camera app icon from the home screen of your iPhone.

Normally your phone should now activate the rear camera. If it activates the front one, tap the camera switch button.


2. Place your iPhone above the document and frame the desired portion or page of the document.

 

3. Make sure to have uniform, sufficient lighting and not to cast any shadow on the document due to your position.  Hold the smartphone firmly with your hand/s and avoid shaking. Tap on the shutter button to take the photo.

 

4. Tap the thumbnail image in the lower left-hand corner to access the picture you have just taken.


5.  Make sure that the picture is clear and the document is well legible. You can enlarge the picture and see it in detail by swiping apart two fingers on the picture itself.

If the picture does not present a good quality or lighting, please repeat the previous steps in order to take a sharper one.


6. Tap the share icon in the lower left-hand corner of the screen.



7. Tap the Mail icon.

Note: to send emails your phone has to be configured for that. Please contact your email provider if you are not familiar with this procedure.

 

8. Please see HERE how to populate the To: and Subject: fields of your email. Once the email is ready, tap the up arrow icon on the top right to send it.

 


Android
1. Open your applications list and start the Camera app. Alternatively start it from your Home screen. Depending on your phone model, maker or setup, the app might be called differently.

Normally your phone should now activate the rear camera. If it activates the front one, tap the camera switch button.

 

2. Place your Android above the document and frame the desired portion or page of the document.

 

3. Make sure to have uniform, sufficient lighting and not to cast any shadow on the document due to your position.  Hold the smartphone firmly with your hand/s and avoid shaking. Tap on the shutter button to take the photo.


4.  Make sure that the picture is clear and the document is well legible. You can enlarge the picture and see it in detail by swiping apart two fingers on the picture itself.

If the picture does not present a good quality or lighting, please repeat the previous steps in order to take a sharper one.


5. Tap the empty circle icon in the lower right-hand corner of the screen.   

 

6. Tap the share icon in the lower left-hand corner of the screen.


7. In the sharing menu that will be displayed now tap the icon of the email client set up on your phone. In the example picture below, it is called Gmail but the name may vary according to your specific setup.

Note: to send emails your phone has to be configured for that. Please contact your email provider if you are not familiar with this procedure.

8. Please see HERE how to populate the To and Subject fields of your email. Once the email is ready, tap the airplane icon on the top right to send it.

 


WHERE TO SEND THE EMAIL AND WHAT TO INCLUDE IN THE SUBJECT
The email has to be created observing the below instructions:
1. In the field To: type:

  •   newaccounts@interactivebrokers.com if you are a resident of a non-European country
  •   newaccounts.uk@interactivebrokers.co.uk if you are a European resident

2. The Subject: field must contain all of the below:

  •     Your account number (it usually has the format Uxxxxxxx, where x are numbers) or your username
  •     The purpose of sending the document. Please use the below convention:
    • PoRes for a proof of residential address
    • PID for a proof of identity

 

如何获得在线安全代码卡

Overview: 

在线安全代码卡可供您在21天内临时访问账户和交易平台。这是一种临时解决方案,通常用于以下情形:


A. 设备暂时不在身边。

B. 丢失了永久安全设备,要申请替换设备并需要在收到设备之前继续访问账户。

Background: 

对于上述情况,我们均假设您已经通知了IBKR客户服务并获得了临时密码,如KB70中所述。现在,您可以通过以下方法延长账户临时访问:

激活程序

1. 打开浏览器,前往ibkr.com

2. 点击登录

3. 输入用户名和密码,点击登录。输入从IBKR客户服务处获得的临时密码完成验证,再次点击登录
 
4. 从菜单栏点击设置>使用者设置。然后在安全框内点击安全登录系统1 旁的齿轮(配置)图标
 
5. 系统将会列出您使用者当前启用的所有安全设备。在列表下方,点击请求在线(临时)安全代码卡

6. 界面将显示您的在线安全卡。点击打印2

7. 确保卡片已完整打印并且内容清晰可辨。然后点击继续 

8. 激活界面将会显示两个索引号码。请在在线安全卡上找到第一个索引号码,将其对应的三位代码输入卡值框内。然后用第二个索引号码进行相同操作,代码之间不要留空格。然后点击继续

9. 您将会看到一条确认信息,其中会注明此在线安全卡的到期日期。点击确认完成此程序

 

注意

1. 如果使用的是旧版账户管理,请点击理账户 > 安全 > 安全登录系统 > 安全设备

2. 如果设备没有连接打印机,您可以直接右键点击安全卡图片将其保存。如果是这种情况,在进入激活界面前,您会收到一条警告信息。
在点击继续确认前,请确保安全卡图片已成功保存到您的设备并且内容清晰可辨。

 

参考:
  • KB1131:安全登录系统概述
  • KB1943:请求替换数码安全卡+
  • KB2636:安全设备相关信息与程序
  • KB2481:如何在多个使用者之间共享安全登录设备
  • KB2545:退出安全登录系统后如何重新加入
  • KB975:如何将安全设备退回给IBKR
  • KB2260:如何通过移动IBKR激活IB Key验证
  • KB2895:多重双因素验证(M2FS)
  • KB1861:安全设备费用信息
  • KB69:临时密码有效期

 

How to obtain an Online Security Code Card

Overview: 

The Online Security Code Card provides you temporary access to your account and trading platform for a duration of 21 days. This is an ad-interim solution usually needed in those cases:

A. You are temporarily away from your permanent security device and you are waiting to regain access to it.

B. You have lost your permanent security device and you want to either request a replacement or maintain access to your account while waiting for the delivery to happen.

Background: 

For the cases mentioned above, we assume you have already notified IBKR Client Services and obtained a Temporary Code, as explained in KB70. You can now extend the duration of your temporary access as follows:

 

Activation procedure

1. Open your browser and go to the web page ibkr.com

2. Click on Login

3. Enter your credentials and click on Login. Enter the Temporary Code you received from IBKR Client Services to complete the authentication and click again on Login
 
4. From the left side menu, click on Settings > User Settings. Then, within the Security box, click on the wheel(Configure) icon next to Secure Login System1
 
5. The system will list all the security devices currently active for your user. Below the list, click on the button Request Online (Temporary) Security Code Card

6. Your Online Security Card will be displayed. Click on Print2

7. Please make sure the card has been printed correctly in all its parts and it is clearly readable. Then click on Continue

8. Two index numbers will appear on the activation screen. Locate the first index number on your card and enter the correspondent three digits code into the Card Values field. Then repeat the same operation for the second index number, leaving no spaces between the codes. Then click on Continue

9. You will see a confirmation message stating the expiration date of the card. Click on OK to finalize the procedure

 

Notes

1. If you use the Classic Account Management, click on the top menu Manage Account > Security > Secure Login System > Security Device

2. Should you not have a printer connected to your device, you can right-click directly on the card image and save it as an image file. In this case, upon proceeding to the activation screen, you may receive a warning message.
Please make sure that the image file has been successfully stored on your device and that it is readable before you acknowledge the warning message by clicking on Continue

 

References
  • See KB1131 for an overview of the Secure Login System
  • See KB1943 for instructions on requesting a replacement Digital Security Card+
  • See KB2636 for information and procedures related to Security Devices
  • See KB2481 for instructions about sharing the Security Login Device between two or more users
  • See KB2545 for instructions on how to opt back in to the Secure Login System
  • See KB975 for instructions on how to return your security device to IBKR
  • See KB2260 for instructions on activating the IB Key authentication via IBKR Mobile
  • See KB2895 for information about Multiple Two-Factor Authentication System (M2FS)
  • See KB1861 for information about charges or expenses associated with the security devices
  • See KB69 for information about Temporary passcode validity

 

Troubleshooting Trading Platform Login Failures

Click on the link below which best describes your situation:

 
 
 
 
a. Confirm whether your account has been approved. Accounts which have not been approved or which have been approved after the daily cut-off time are provided access solely to Client Portal and not the trading platform (access will be provided next day if approved after daily cut-off time)
 
b. Confirm whether your account remains open. Accounts which have been closed, either by customer action or by IBKR due to no balance, no longer have access to the trading platform but continue to have access to Client Portal in order to obtain activity and tax statements. Access to Client Portal is provided using the same User Name and password combination which existed when the account was open and do not require the use of the security device.
 
c. If you are attempting to log into your paper trading account, make sure that you are not using the user name and password combination from your live account. This combination is possible only if paper account is selected in the drop down menu of the login window.
 
 
 
 

a. If operating with a temporary passcode, note that alpha characters are case sensitive and are required to be input in upper case format

b. If operating a security card or electronic device, note that there are no spaces between characters

 
 
 
 
For security purposes, all requests for assistance with a user name and/or password must be initiated via telephone and require prior verification of the account holder’s identity. Requests are to be directed to one of the regional Client Services.
 
 
 
 
a. Confirm that your Internet connection is active (test by accessing another website). If you are unable to establish an Internet connection you will need to contact your Internet Service Provider for assistance.
 
b. Confirm whether you are operating under a firewall which is blocking the TWS connection. If so, the firewall would need to be re-configured in order to provide access.* 
 

c. Ports 4000/4001 are being blocked. These ports are often blocked from public connections such as hotels, cafes, etc. and required to be open to accommodate Inbound/Outbound TCP protocol. In addition, if you have a router connected to your computer, these ports must be open on the router.*

*Please click here to check your connectivity status: IBKR Dedicated Connectivity Test Page.

 
 
 
 
If you are temporarily without possession of your security device, interim access may be provided by contacting your regional Client Services via telephone where, once your identity has been verified, you will be provided with a temporary passcode.
 
The temporary passcode is a static alpha-numeric code which replaces the randomly generated code provided through your security device and which will provide full access to Client Portal and the trading platforms for 2 days. Should a longer period of permanent device replacement be necessary, and to obtain enhanced protection, it is recommended that you use the temporary passcode to log into Client Portal and print out the online security code card which will operate as a replacement to your security device for up to 3 weeks.  
 
After the expiration of the temporary passcode or online security code card, or if you regain possession of your security device beforehand, you will need to log into Client Portal and select the menu option to re-activate your security device.
 
 
 
 
In the case of a lost or damaged security device, you will need to contact our Client Services to arrange for a replacement and to provide for interim access. As the time frame for shipping a replacement device may range from 3 to 14 days depending upon your country of residence, interim access is provided via an online security code card. This card may be retrieved for printing or saving as an image to your computer once a temporary passcode has been provided for Client Portal access.
 
 
 
 
The temporary passcode is intended to provide full access to both Client Portal and the trading platforms for a period of 2 days. After 2 days, the temporary passcode may no longer be used to access the trading platforms but may be used to access Client Portal for an additional period of 10 days. The Client Portal access, however, is limited solely for the purpose of printing or saving the online security code card.  
 
If your window of access to Client Portal using the temporary passcode remains, you may print or save the online security code card through which full access to both Client Portal and the trading platforms is provided for a period of 21 days. If you are unable to log into Client Portal, you will need to contact your regional Client Services for assistance.

 

 

 
The online security code card is intended to provide full access to both Client Portal and the trading platforms for a period of 21 days. This time frame, while limited, is intended to provide sufficient opportunity for the account holder to either regain possession of a temporarily unavailable security device or request and receive a replacement device.
 
If you are unable to log in using the online security code card, you will need to contact your regional Client Services for assistance and to provide information as to the status of your permanent security device.
 
 
 
 
Depending upon your location, the physical security device should be delivered to the address of record on your account within 2 days in the case of US residents and within 2 weeks for all other accounts. It’s important to note that the permanent devices are set to automatically activate after a set time frame if not yet manually activated by the account holder. If this is the case and you encounter difficulties logging into your account, please contact our Technical Assistance Center from one of the numbers listed on ibkr.com/support.
 
 
 
 
If your window of access to Client Portal using the temporary passcode remains, you may print or save the online security code card through which full access to both Client Portal and the trading platforms is provided for a period of 21 days.
 
If you are unable to log into Client Portal, you will need to contact your regional Client Services for assistance.
 
 
 
 
You have received your new two-factor security device. Detailed instructions on its activation are in the envelope in which the device came. Alternatively, the card will auto-activate in 2-3 weeks, depending on your geographical location. 
 
 
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