How are executions allocated when an order receives a partial fill because an insufficient quantity is available to complete the allocation of shares/contracts to sub-accounts?
Overview:
From time-to-time, one may experience an allocation order which is partially executed and is canceled prior to being completed (i.e. market closes, contract expires, halts due to news, prices move in an unfavorable direction, etc.). In such cases, IB determines which customers (who were originally included in the order group and/or profile) will receive the executed shares/contracts. The methodology used by IB to impartially determine who receives the shares/contacts in the event of a partial fill is described in this article.
Background:
Before placing an order CTAs and FAs are given the ability to predetermine the method by which an execution is to be allocated amongst client accounts. They can do so by first creating a group (i.e. ratio/percentage) or profile (i.e. specific amount) wherein a distinct number of shares/contracts are specified per client account (i.e. pre-trade allocation). These amounts can be prearranged based on certain account values including the clients’ Net Liquidation Total, Available Equity, etc., or indicated prior to the order execution using Ratios, Percentages, etc. Each group and/or profile is generally created with the assumption that the order will be executed in full. However, as we will see, this is not always the case. Therefore, we are providing examples that describe and demonstrate the process used to allocate partial executions with pre-defined groups and/or profiles and how the allocations are determined.
Here is the list of allocation methods with brief descriptions about how they work.
· AvailableEquity
Use sub account’ available equality value as ratio.
· NetLiq
Use subaccount’ net liquidation value as ratio
· EqualQuantity
Same ratio for each account
· PctChange1:Portion of the allocation logic is in Trader Workstation (the initial calculation of the desired quantities per account).
· Profile
The ratio is prescribed by the user
· Inline Profile
The ratio is prescribed by the user.
· Model1:
Roughly speaking, we use each account NLV in the model as the desired ratio. It is possible to dynamically add (invest) or remove (divest) accounts to/from a model, which can change allocation of the existing orders.
Basic Examples:
Details:
CTA/FA has 3-clients with a predefined profile titled “XYZ commodities” for orders of 50 contracts which (upon execution) are allocated as follows:
Account (A) = 25 contracts
Account (B) = 15 contracts
Account (C) = 10 contracts
Example #1:
CTA/FA creates a DAY order to buy 50 Sept 2016 XYZ future contracts and specifies “XYZ commodities” as the predefined allocation profile. Upon transmission at 10 am (ET) the order begins to execute2but in very small portions and over a very long period of time. At 2 pm (ET) the order is canceled prior to being executed in full. As a result, only a portion of the order is filled (i.e., 7 of the 50 contracts are filled or 14%). For each account the system initially allocates by rounding fractional amounts down to whole numbers:
Account (A) = 14% of 25 = 3.5 rounded down to 3
Account (B) = 14% of 15 = 2.1 rounded down to 2
Account (C) = 14% of 10 = 1.4 rounded down to 1
To Summarize:
A: initially receives 3 contracts, which is 3/25 of desired (fill ratio = 0.12)
B: initially receives 2 contracts, which is 2/15 of desired (fill ratio = 0.134)
C: initially receives 1 contract, which is 1/10 of desired (fill ratio = 0.10)
The system then allocates the next (and final) contract to an account with the smallest ratio (i.e. Account C which currently has a ratio of 0.10).
A: final allocation of 3 contracts, which is 3/25 of desired (fill ratio = 0.12)
B: final allocation of 2 contracts, which is 2/15 of desired (fill ratio = 0.134)
C: final allocation of 2 contract, which is 2/10 of desired (fill ratio = 0.20)
The execution(s) received have now been allocated in full.
Example #2:
CTA/FA creates a DAY order to buy 50 Sept 2016 XYZ future contracts and specifies “XYZ commodities” as the predefined allocation profile. Upon transmission at 11 am (ET) the order begins to be filled3 but in very small portions and over a very long period of time. At 1 pm (ET) the order is canceled prior being executed in full. As a result, only a portion of the order is executed (i.e., 5 of the 50 contracts are filled or 10%).For each account, the system initially allocates by rounding fractional amounts down to whole numbers:
Account (A) = 10% of 25 = 2.5 rounded down to 2
Account (B) = 10% of 15 = 1.5 rounded down to 1
Account (C) = 10% of 10 = 1 (no rounding necessary)
To Summarize:
A: initially receives 2 contracts, which is 2/25 of desired (fill ratio = 0.08)
B: initially receives 1 contract, which is 1/15 of desired (fill ratio = 0.067)
C: initially receives 1 contract, which is 1/10 of desired (fill ratio = 0.10)
The system then allocates the next (and final) contract to an account with the smallest ratio (i.e. to Account B which currently has a ratio of 0.067).
A: final allocation of 2 contracts, which is 2/25 of desired (fill ratio = 0.08)
B: final allocation of 2 contracts, which is 2/15 of desired (fill ratio = 0.134)
C: final allocation of 1 contract, which is 1/10 of desired (fill ratio = 0.10)
The execution(s) received have now been allocated in full.
Example #3:
CTA/FA creates a DAY order to buy 50 Sept 2016 XYZ future contracts and specifies “XYZ commodities” as the predefined allocation profile. Upon transmission at 11 am (ET) the order begins to be executed2 but in very small portions and over a very long period of time. At 12 pm (ET) the order is canceled prior to being executed in full. As a result, only a portion of the order is filled (i.e., 3 of the 50 contracts are filled or 6%). Normally the system initially allocates by rounding fractional amounts down to whole numbers, however for a fill size of less than 4 shares/contracts, IB first allocates based on the following random allocation methodology.
In this case, since the fill size is 3, we skip the rounding fractional amounts down.
For the first share/contract, all A, B and C have the same initial fill ratio and fill quantity, so we randomly pick an account and allocate this share/contract. The system randomly chose account A for allocation of the first share/contract.
To Summarize3:
A: initially receives 1 contract, which is 1/25 of desired (fill ratio = 0.04)
B: initially receives 0 contracts, which is 0/15 of desired (fill ratio = 0.00)
C: initially receives 0 contracts, which is 0/10 of desired (fill ratio = 0.00)
Next, the system will perform a random allocation amongst the remaining accounts (in this case accounts B & C, each with an equal probability) to determine who will receive the next share/contract.
The system randomly chose account B for allocation of the second share/contract.
A: 1 contract, which is 1/25 of desired (fill ratio = 0.04)
B: 1 contract, which is 1/15 of desired (fill ratio = 0.067)
C: 0 contracts, which is 0/10 of desired (fill ratio = 0.00)
The system then allocates the final [3] share/contract to an account(s) with the smallest ratio (i.e. Account C which currently has a ratio of 0.00).
A: final allocation of 1 contract, which is 1/25 of desired (fill ratio = 0.04)
B: final allocation of 1 contract, which is 1/15 of desired (fill ratio = 0.067)
C: final allocation of 1 contract, which is 1/10 of desired (fill ratio = 0.10)
The execution(s) received have now been allocated in full.
Available allocation Flags
Besides the allocation methods above, user can choose the following flags, which also influence the allocation:
· Strict per-account allocation.
For the initially submitted order if one or more subaccounts are rejected by the credit checking, we reject the whole order.
· “Close positions first”1.This is the default handling mode for all orders which close a position (whether or not they are also opening position on the other side or not). The calculation are slightly different and ensure that we do not start opening position for one account if another account still has a position to close, except in few more complex cases.
Other factor affects allocations:
1) Mutual Fund: the allocation has two steps. The first execution report is received before market open. We allocate based onMonetaryValue for buy order and MonetaryValueShares for sell order. Later, when second execution report which has the NetAssetValue comes, we do the final allocation based on first allocation report.
2) Allocate in Lot Size: if a user chooses (thru account config) to prefer whole-lot allocations for stocks, the calculations are more complex and will be described in the next version of this document.
3) Combo allocation1: we allocate combo trades as a unit, resulting in slightly different calculations.
4) Long/short split1: applied to orders for stocks, warrants or structured products. When allocating long sell orders, we only allocate to accounts which have long position: resulting in calculations being more complex.
5) For non-guaranteed smart combo: we do allocation by each leg instead of combo.
6) In case of trade bust or correction1: the allocations are adjusted using more complex logic.
7) Account exclusion1: Some subaccounts could be excluded from allocation for the following reasons, no trading permission, employee restriction, broker restriction, RejectIfOpening, prop account restrictions, dynamic size violation, MoneyMarketRules restriction for mutual fund. We do not allocate to excluded accountsand we cancel the order after other accounts are filled. In case of partial restriction (e.g. account is permitted to close but not to open, or account has enough excess liquidity only for a portion of the desired position).
Footnotes:
U.S. equity markets occasionally experience periods of extraordinary volatility and price dislocation. Sometimes these occurrences are prolonged and at other times they are of very short duration. Stop orders may play a role in contributing to downward price pressure and market volatility and may result in executions at prices very far from the trigger price.
INTRODUCTION
Option exercise limits, along with position limits (See KB1252), have been in place since the inception of standardized trading of U.S. securities options. Their purpose is to prevent manipulative actions in underlying securities (e.g., corners or squeezes) as well as disruptions in option markets where illiquidity in a given option class exists. These limits serve to prohibit an account, along with its related accounts, from cumulatively exercising within any five consecutive business day period, a number of options contracts in excess of the defined limit for a given equity options class (i.e., option contracts associated with a particular underlying security). This includes both early exercises and expiration exercises.
OVERVIEW
U.S. securities option exercise limits are established by FINRA and the U.S. options exchanges. The exercise limits are generally the same as position limits and they can vary by option class as they take into consideration factors such as the number of shares outstanding and trading volume of the underlying security. Limits are also subject to adjustment and therefore can vary over time. The Options Clearing Corporation (OCC), the central clearinghouse for U.S. exchange traded securities options, publishes a daily file with these limits on its public website. The link is as follows: http://www.optionsclearing.com/webapps/position-limits. FINRA Rule 2360(b)(4) addresses exercise limits and can be found via the following website link: http://finra.complinet.com/en/display/display.html?rbid=2403&record_id=16126&element_id=6306&highlight=2360#r16126).
Note that exercise limits are applied based upon the the side of the market represented by the option position. Accordingly, all exercises of call options over the past five business days are aggregated for purposes of determining the limit for the purposes of purchasing the underlying security. Similarly, a separate computation whereby all put exercises over the past five business days are aggregated is required for purposes of determining sales of the underlying.
IMPORTANT INFORMATION
It's important to note that while exercise limits may be set at levels identical to position limits, it is possible for an account holder to reach an exercise limit without violating positions limits for a given option class. This is because exercise limits are cumulative and one could conceivably purchase options up to the position limit, exercise those options and purchase additional options which, if allowed to be exercised within the five business day window, would exceed the limit.
Account holders are responsible for monitoring their cumulative options exercises as well as the exercise limit quantities to ensure compliance. In addition, IB reserves the right to prohibit the exercise of any options, regardless of their intrinsic value or remaining maturity, if the effect of that exercise would be to violate the exercise limit rule.
ВВЕДЕНИЕ
Исполнение опциона "колл" на акции не представляет экономической выгоды, поскольку:
Тем не менее, запрос досрочного исполнения американского опциона "колл" для получения дивидендов может быть выгоден тем трейдерам, которые в состоянии удовлетворить повышенным требованиям размера капитала или займа и готовы к риску крупных потерь.
УСЛОВИЯ
Для справки, у владельца опциона "колл" нет права получать дивиденды по базовой акции, поскольку они начисляются только акционерам в день объявления дивидендов. При равенстве остальных условий, цена акций должна уменьшиться на сумму, которую составляют дивиденды в экс-дивидендную дату. И хотя теория ценообразования опционов предполагает, что цена "колл" будет отражать дисконтированную стоимость ожидаемых дивидендов, выплачиваемых в течение действия контракта, она также может упасть в вышеупомянутую дату. Такое развитие событий наиболее вероятно, а досрочное исполнение выгодно при условии, что:
1. Опцион глубоко "в деньгах" и значение дельта равно 100;
2. Временная стоимость опциона низкая или отсутствует;
3. Сумма дивидендов относительно высока и экс-дивидендная дата предшествует дате истечения.
ПРИМЕРЫ
Чтобы продемонстрировать влияние таких условий на решение о досрочном исполнении, возьмем счет с длинным наличным балансом в $9000 и длинной позицией "колл" по воображаемой акции “ABC” с ценой страйка $90,00 и 10-ю днями до истечения. На данный момент торги ABC проходят по цене $100,00, объявленные дивиденды составляют $2.00 за акцию, а экс-дивидендная дата наступает завтра. Также предположим, что у цены опциона и цены акции схожее поведение и они обе снижаются на сумму дивидендов в экс-дивидендную дату.
Рассмотрим решение об исполнении с намерением сохранить значение дельта (100) у позиции по акциям и увеличить общий капитал, используя два предположения о цене опциона: согласно одному он будет продан по паритету (номинальной стоимости), а другому - выше паритета.
СЦЕНАРИЙ 1: Паритетная цена опциона ($10,00)
Если у опциона паритетная цена, то досрочное исполнение поможет сохранить дельта позиции и избежать снижения стоимости длинного опциона при торговле в экс-дивидендную дату. При таком раскладе вся денежная прибыль используется для покупки акций по цене страйка, опцион утрачивает премию, а акции, чистый дивиденд и дивиденды к получению перечисляются на счет. Такого же конечного результата можно достичь, продав опцион до экс-дивидендной даты и купив акции (не забудьте учесть комиссии/спреды):
СЦЕНАРИЙ 1 | ||||
Компоненты счета |
Начальный баланс |
Досрочное исполнение |
Без действия |
Продать опцион, купить акции |
Наличные | $9 000 | $0 | $9 000 | $0 |
Опционы | $1 000 | $0 | $800 | $0 |
Акции | $0 | $9 800 | $0 | $9 800 |
Дивиденды к получению | $0 | $200 | $0 | $200 |
Общий капитал | $10 000 | $10 000 | $9 800 | $10 000 минус комиссия/спред |
СЦЕНАРИЙ 2: Цена опциона выше паритета ($11.00)
Если цена опциона выше паритета, то досрочное исполнение для извлечения дивиденда может быть невыгодно. При таких условиях преждевременное исполнение приведет к убыткам в размере $100 от временной стоимости опциона, а продажа опциона и покупка акций может быть менее выгодна после вычета комиссии, нежели отсутствие мер. В данном случае предпочтительно бездействие.
СЦЕНАРИЙ 2 | ||||
Компоненты счета |
Начальный баланс |
Досрочное исполнение |
Без действия |
Продать опцион, купить акции |
Наличные | $9,000 | $0 | $9 000 | $100 |
Опционы | $1 100 | $0 | $1 100 | $0 |
Акции | $0 | $9 800 | $0 | $9 800 |
Дивиденды к получению | $0 | $200 | $0 | $200 |
Общий капитал | $10 100 | $10 000 | $10 100 | $10 100 минус комиссия/спред |
ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ: Владельцам длинной позиции "колл", являющейся частью спреда, стоит обратить особое внимание на риски неисполнения длинного лега с учетом возможной переуступки короткого. Заметьте, что переуступка короткого "колла" приведет к образованию короткой позиции по акциям, владелец которой обязан выплачивать дивиденды в дату их объявления кредитору акций. Помимо этого, процедура клиринговых домов по обработке уведомлений об исполнении не поддерживает отправку уведомлений в ответ на уступку.
Возьмем, к примеру, кредитный спред "колл" (медвежий) по SPDR S&P 500 ETF Trust (SPY), состоящий из 100 коротких контрактов с ценой страйка $146 (13 марта) и 100 длинных контрактов с ценой страйка $147 (13 марта). 14 марта 2013 SPY Trust объявил о дивидендах в размере $0,69372 за акцию, которые подлежали выплате 30 апреля 2013 лицам, являющимся акционерами по состоянию на 19 марта 2013. Учитывая 3-хдневный расчетный период для акций США, купить акции или исполнить "колл" для получения дивидендов требовалось не позже 14 марта 2013, поскольку на следующий день торговля акциями стала происходить уже без дивиденда.
14 марта 2013 (за день до истечения) у двух опционных контрактов была паритетная цена, предполагающая риск в сумме $100 за контракт или $10 000 за позицию по 100 контрактам. Однако, несостоявшееся исполнение длинного контракта с целью извлечения дивидендов и избежания возможной переуступки коротких контрактов (лицами, так же желающими получить дивиденды), вылилось в дополнительный риск: $67,372 за контракт или $6737,20 за позицию с дивидендными обязательствами и уступленными короткими "коллами". Согласно таблице ниже, если бы короткий лег с опциона не был уступлен, то 15 марта 2013, при конечном расчете цен контракта, максимальный риск все еще составлял бы $100 за контракт.
Дата | Цена закр. SPY | "Колл" $146, 13 марта | "Колл" $147 13 марта |
14 марта 2013 | $156,73 | $10,73 | $9,83 |
15 марта, 2013 | $155,83 | $9,73 | $8,83 |
Обращаем внимание, что если на Ваш счет распространяются требования о налоговых удержаниях согласно правилу 871(m) Министерства финансов США, то Вам может быть выгодно закрыть длинную опционную позицию до экс-дивидендной даты и повторно открыть ее после этой даты.
Подробности об отправке уведомления о досрочном исполнении можно найти здесь.
Вышеприведенная статья предоставлена исключительно в информационных целях и не является рекомендацией, торговым советом или заключением, что досрочное исполнение будет успешно и подойдет для всех клиентов и сделок. Владельцам счетов стоит проконсультироваться с налоговым специалистом, чтобы определить, к каким последствиям может привести досрочное исполнение, а также обратить особое внимание на риски замены длинной позиции по опционам на длинную по акциям.
Вдобавок к политике принудительной ликвидации клиентских позиций в случае создавшегося дефицита маржи, IB также может ликвидировать позиции на основании истечения контрактов, которое может привести к излишнему риску и/или операционным сложностям. Примеры подобных случаев приведены ниже.
Исполнение опциона
IB оставляет за собой право запретить исполнение опционов на акции и/или закрыть позиции по ним, если их исполнение или назначение приведет к дефициту маржи. Несмотря на то, что покупка опциона, в основном, не требует маржи, поскольку позиция оплачивается полностью, владелец счета обязан либо целиком покрыть стоимость образовавшейся после исполнения длинной позиции по акциям (когда "колл" исполняется на наличном счете или у акций 100%-ная маржа), либо прoфинансировать длинную/короткую позицию по акциям (когда "колл"/"пут" исполняется на маржевом счете). Если на счете недостаточно средств до исполнения, то он подвергается избыточному риску в случае неблагоприятного изменения цены андарлаинга перед доставкой. Без финансовой защиты подобный риск ярко выражен и может сильно превзойти любую стоимость "в деньгах", имеющуюся у длинного опциона; особенно по истечении, когда клиринговые дома автоматически исполняют их, начиная уже с $0,01 за акцию.
Возьмем, к примеру, счет, капитал которого в 1-ый день составляет 20 длинных опционов "колл" (по гипотетическим акциям XYZ, цена которых при экспирации составляла $1 за контракт) с ценой страйка $50 и ценой андерлаинга $51. Предположим, что по Сценарию 1 опционы исполняются автоматически и цена акций XYZ во время открытия торговли во 2-ой день составляет $51. По Сценарию 2 тоже происходит автоматическое исполнение, но цена акций XYZ во время открытия торговли во 2-ой день составляет $48.
Баланс счета | Перед истечением |
Сценарий 1: XYZ при открытии - $51 |
Сценарий 2: XYZ при открытии - $48 |
Наличные |
$0,00 | ($100 000,00) | ($100 000,00) |
Акции (длинн.) |
$0,00 | $102 000,00 | $96 000,00 |
Опцион* (длинн.) |
$2 000,00 | $0,00 | $0,00 |
Чистый ликвидац. капитал/(дефицит) | $2 000,00 | $2 000,00 | ($4 000,00) |
Требование маржи |
$0,00 | $25 500,00 | $25 500,00 |
Избыток/(дефицит) маржи |
$0,00 | ($23 500,00) | ($29 500,00) |
*У длинных позиций по опционам нет кредитных средств.
Чтобы избежать подобных ситуаций, IB симулирует влияние предстоящего истечения, учитывая возможное смещение цен андерлаинга, и оценивает риск, которому подвергнется счет при потенциальной поставке. Если он будет сочтен избыточным, IB может: 1) ликвидировать опционы до исполнения; 2) позволить уступку опционов; и/или 3) разрешить поставку и сразу ликвидировать андерлаинг. Не исключено и ограничение возможности счета по открытию новых позиций во избежание повышения риска.
IB также оставляет за собой право ликвидировать позиции вечером, предшествующим расчетному дню, если, согласно прогнозу систем IB, расчет приведет к дефициту маржи. Чтобы избежать подобных ситуаций, IB симулирует влияние предстоящего истечения, учитывая возможное смещение цен андерлаинга, и оценивает риск, которому в итоге подвергнется каждый счет. К примеру, если по прогнозу IB расчет приведет к устранению позиций (напр., опционы истекут со статусом "вне денег" или опционы с наличным расчетом истекут "в деньгах"), то наши системы определят, как это скажется на марже.
Если IB сочтет риск излишним, то позиции на Вашем счете могут быть ликвидированы, чтобы устранить прогнозируемый дефицит. Окно "Счет" в TWS содержит все необходимые показатели для отслеживания маржи. Прогнозируемый избыток отображен в строке "Маржа после истечения срока" (см. ниже); если его значение отрицательное и выделено красным цветом, то Ваш счет может подвергнуться принудительной ликвидации позиций. Расчеты этих показателей производятся за 3 дня до следующего истечения и обновляются примерно каждые 15 минут. Стоит отметить, что для иерархических счетовых структур (напр., с раздельным торговым лимитом) эта информация будет отображаться только на уровне мастер-счета, где все вычисления суммируются.
Обращаем внимание, что IB, как правило, инициирует ликвидацию, связанную с истечением, за 2 часа до закрытия торгов, но при этом может начать этот процесс раньше или позже, если на то есть причины. Приоритет ликвидации зависит от ряда показателей счета, включающего чистую ликвидационную стоимость, прогнозируемый дефицит после истечения, а также взаимосвязь между ценой страйка опциона и андерлаингом.
Фьючерсы с физической поставкой
За исключением отдельных контрактов, в основе которых лежит валюта, IB не разрешает клиентам получать или совершать поставки базового товара по фьючерсам с физическими расчетами или фьючерсным опционам. Во избежание поставок, позиции по истекающим фьючерсным контрактам следует перенести или закрыть до наступления сроков истечения (с их списком можно ознакомиться на сайте IB, выбрав "Поставка, исполнение и корпоративные действия" в меню "Торговля").
Обращаем Ваше внимание, что осведомленность о сроках закрытия является ответственностью владельца счета. IB может без дополнительного оповещения ликвидировать не закрытые вовремя позиции по контрактам с физической поставкой.
Financial instruments are subject to minimum price changes or increments which are commonly referred to as ticks. Tick values vary by instrument and are determined by the listing exchange. IB provides this information directly from the Contract Search tool on the website or via the Trader Workstation (TWS). To access from TWS, enter a symbol on the quote line, right click and from the drop-down window select the Contract Info and then Details menu options. The contract specifications window for the instrument will then be displayed (Exhibit 1).
To determine the notional value of a tick, multiple the tick increment by the contract trade unit or multiplier. As illustrated in the example below, the LIFFE Mini Silver futures contact has a tick value or minimum increment of .001 which, when multiplied by the contract multiplier of 1,000 ounces, results in a minimum tick value of $1.00 per contract. Accordingly, every tick change up or down results in a profit or loss of $1.00 per LIFFE Mini Silver futures contract.
Exhibit 1
INTRODUCTION
Exercising an equity call option prior to expiration ordinarily provides no economic benefit as:
Nonetheless, for account holders who have the capacity to meet an increased capital or borrowing requirement and potentially greater downside market risk, it can be economically beneficial to request early exercise of an American Style call option in order to capture an upcoming dividend.
BACKGROUND
As background, the owner of a call option is not entitled to receive a dividend on the underlying stock as this dividend only accrues to the holders of stock as of its dividend Record Date. All other things being equal, the price of the stock should decline by an amount equal to the dividend on the Ex-Dividend date. While option pricing theory suggests that the call price will reflect the discounted value of expected dividends paid throughout its duration, it may decline as well on the Ex-Dividend date. The conditions which make this scenario most likely and the early exercise decision favorable are as follows:
1. The option is deep-in-the-money and has a delta of 100;
2. The option has little or no time value;
3. The dividend is relatively high and its Ex-Date precedes the option expiration date.
EXAMPLES
To illustrate the impact of these conditions upon the early exercise decision, consider an account maintaining a long cash balance of $9,000 and a long call position in hypothetical stock “ABC” having a strike price of $90.00 and time to expiration of 10 days. ABC, currently trading at $100.00, has declared a dividend of $2.00 per share with tomorrow being the Ex-Dividend date. Also assume that the option price and stock price behave similarly and decline by the dividend amount on the Ex-Date.
Here, we will review the exercise decision with the intent of maintaining the 100 share delta position and maximizing total equity using two option price assumptions, one in which the option is selling at parity and another above parity.
SCENARIO 1: Option Price At Parity - $10.00
In the case of an option trading at parity, early exercise will serve to maintain the position delta and avoid the loss of value in long option when the stock trades ex-dividend, to preserve equity. Here the cash proceeds are applied in their entirety to buy the stock at the strike, the option premium is forfeited and the stock (net of dividend) and dividend receivable are credited to the account. If you aim for the same end result by selling the option prior to the Ex-Dividend date and purchasing the stock, remember to factor in commissions/spreads:
SCENARIO 1 | ||||
Account Components |
Beginning Balance |
Early Exercise |
No Action |
Sell Option & Buy Stock |
Cash | $9,000 | $0 | $9,000 | $0 |
Option | $1,000 | $0 | $800 | $0 |
Stock | $0 | $9,800 | $0 | $9,800 |
Dividend Receivable | $0 | $200 | $0 | $200 |
Total Equity | $10,000 | $10,000 | $9,800 | $10,000 less commissions/spreads |
SCENARIO 2: Option Price Above Parity - $11.00
In the case of an option trading above parity, early exercise to capture the dividend may not be economically beneficial. In this scenario, early exercise would result in a loss of $100 in option time value, while selling the option and buying the stock, after commissions, may be less beneficial than taking no action. In this scenario, the preferable action would be No Action.
SCENARIO 2 | ||||
Account Components |
Beginning Balance |
Early Exercise |
No Action |
Sell Option & Buy Stock |
Cash | $9,000 | $0 | $9,000 | $100 |
Option | $1,100 | $0 | $1,100 | $0 |
Stock | $0 | $9,800 | $0 | $9,800 |
Dividend Receivable | $0 | $200 | $0 | $200 |
Total Equity | $10,100 | $10,000 | $10,100 | $10,100 less commissions/spreads |
NOTE:
Options have two components that make up their total premium value - intrinsic value and time value. The intrinsic value is the amount by which the option is in-the-money, while the time value represents the possibility that the option could become even more profitable before expiration as the underlying asset price fluctuates while providing protection against adverse moves.
Many options are American-style, which means they can be exercised early, ahead of their expiration date. Early exercise of an option eliminates the remaining time value component from the option's premium, since the option holder loses protection against unfavorable movements in the underlying asset’s price.
This makes early exercise suboptimal in most situations, as the option holder is willingly forfeiting a portion of the option's value.
There are a few specific circumstances where early exercise could make sense, such as:
The first case, exercising an in the money call immediately ahead of a dividend payment, is the most common economically-sensible early exercise. In most cases, it is advisable to hold or sell the option instead of exercising it early, in order to capture the remaining time value. An option should only be exercised early after carefully considering all factors and determining that the benefits of early exercise outweigh the time value being surrendered.
Account holders holding a long call position as part of a spread should pay particular attention to the risks of not exercising the long leg given the likelihood of being assigned on the short leg. Note that the assignment of a short call results in a short stock position and holders of short stock positions as of a dividend Record Date are obligated to pay the dividend to the lender of the shares. In addition, the clearinghouse processing cycle for exercise notices does not accommodate submission of exercise notices in response to assignment.
As example, consider a credit call (bear) spread on the SPDR S&P 500 ETF Trust (SPY) consisting of 100 short contracts in the March '13 $146 strike and 100 long contracts in the March '13 $147 strike. On 3/14/13, with the SPY Trust declared a dividend of $0.69372 per share, payable 4/30/13 to shareholders of record as of 3/19/13. Given the 3 business day settlement time frame for U.S. stocks, one would have had to buy the stock or exercise the call no later than 3/14/13 in order receive the dividend, as the next day the stock began trading Ex-Dividend.
On 3/14/13, with one trading day left prior to expiration, the two option contracts traded at parity, suggesting maximum risk of $100 per contract or $10,000 on the 100 contract position. However, the failure to exercise the long contract in order to capture the dividend and protect against the likely assignment on the short contracts by others seeking the dividend created an additional risk of $67.372 per contract or $6,737.20 on the position representing the dividend obligation were all short calls assigned. As reflected on the table below, had the short option leg not been assigned, the maximum risk when the final contract settlement prices were determined on 3/15/13 would have remained at $100 per contract.
Date | SPY Close | March '13 $146 Call | March '13 $147 Call |
March 14, 2013 | $156.73 | $10.73 | $9.83 |
March 15, 2013 | $155.83 | $9.73 | $8.83 |
Please note that if your account is subject to tax withholding requirements of the US Treasure rule 871(m), it may be beneficial to close a long option position before the ex-dividend date and re-open the position after ex-dividend.
For information regarding how to submit an early exercise notice please click here.
The above article is provided for information purposes only as is not intended as a recommendation, trading advice nor does it constitute a conclusion that early exercise will be successful or appropriate for all customers or trades. Account holders should consult with a tax specialist to determine what, if any, tax consequences may result from early exercise and should pay particular attention to the potential risks of substituting a long option position with a long stock position.
IBKR's option commission charge consists of two parts:
1. The execution fee which accrues to IBKR. For Smart Routed orders this fee is set at $0.65 per contract, reduced to as low as $0.15 per contract for orders in excess of 100,000 contracts in a given month (see website for costs on Direct Routed orders, reduced rates on low premium options and minimum order charges); and
2. Third party exchange, regulatory and/or transaction fees.
In the case of third party fees, certain U.S. option exchanges maintain a liquidity fee/rebate structure which, when aggregated with the IBKR execution fee and any other regulatory and/or transaction fees, may result in an overall per contract commission charge that varies from one order to another. This is attributable to the exchange portion of the calculation, the result of which may be a payment to the customer rather than a fee, and which depends upon a number of factors outside of IBKR's control including the customer's order attributes and the prevailing bid-ask quotes.
Exchanges which operate under this liquidity fee/rebate model charge a fee for orders which serve to remove liquidity (i.e., marketable orders) and provide a credit for orders which add liquidity (i.e., limit orders which are not marketable). Fees can vary by exchange, customer type (e.g., public, broker-dealer, firm, market maker, professional), and option underlying with public customer rebates (credits) generally ranging from $0.10 - $0.90 and public customer fees from $0.01 - $0.95.
IBKR is obligated to route marketable option orders to the exchange providing the best execution price and the Smart Router takes into consideration liquidity removal fees when determining which exchange to route the order to when the inside market is shared by multiple (i.e., will route the order to the exchange with the lowest or no fee). Accordingly, the Smart Router will only route a market order to an exchange which charges a higher fee if they can better the market by at least $0.01 (which, given the standard option multiplier of 100 would result in price improvement of $1.00 which is greater than the largest liquidity removal fee).
For additional information on the concept of adding/removing liquidity, including examples, please refer to KB201.
In addition to the policy of force liquidating client positions in the event of a real-time margin deficiency, IBKR will also liquidate positions based upon certain expiration or corporate action related events which, after giving effect to, would create undue risk and/or operational concerns. Examples of such events are outlined below.
Option Exercise
IBKR reserves the right to prohibit the exercise of stock options and/or close short options if the effect of the exercise/assignment would be to place the account in margin deficit. While the purchase of an option generally requires no margin since the position is paid in full, once exercised the account holder is obligated to either pay for the ensuing long stock position in full (in the case of a call exercised in a cash account or stock subject to 100% margin) or finance the long/short stock position (in the case of a call/put exercised in a margin account). Accounts which do not have sufficient equity on hand prior to exercise introduce undue risk should an adverse price change in the underlying occur upon delivery. This uncollateralized risk can be especially pronounced and may far exceed any in-the-money value the long option may have held, particularly at expiration when clearinghouses automatically exercise options at in-the-money levels as low as $0.01 per share.
Take, for example, an account whose equity on Day 1 consists solely of 20 long $50 strike call options in hypothetical stock XYZ which have closed at expiration at $1 per contract with the underlying at $51. Assume under Scenario 1 that the options are all auto-exercised and XYZ opens at $51 on Day 2. Assume under Scenario 2 that the options are all auto-exercised and XYZ opens at $48 on Day 2.
Account Balance | Pre-Expiration | Scenario 1 - XYZ Opens @ $51 | Scenario 2 - XYZ Opens @ $48 |
---|---|---|---|
Cash | $0.00 | ($100,000.00) | ($100,000.00) |
Long Stock | $0.00 | $102,000.00 | $96,000.00 |
Long Option* |
$2,000.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 |
Net Liquidating Equity/(Deficit) | $2,000.00 | $2,000.00 | ($4,000.00) |
Margin Requirement | $0.00 | $25,500.00 | $25,500.00 |
Margin Excess/(Deficiency) | $0.00 | ($23,500.00) | ($29,500.00) |
*Long option has no loan value.
To protect against these scenarios as expiration nears, IBKR will simulate the effect of expiration assuming plausible underlying price scenarios and evaluating the exposure of each account assuming stock delivery. If the exposure is deemed excessive, IBKR reserves the right to either: 1) liquidate options prior to expiration; 2) allow the options to lapse; and/or 3) allow delivery and liquidate the underlying at any time. In addition, the account may be restricted from opening new positions to prevent an increase in exposure. IBKR determines the number of contracts that will be lapsed by IBKR/auto-exercised shortly after the end of trading on the date of expiration. The effect of any after hours trading you conduct on that day may not be taken into account in this exposure calculation.
While IBKR reserves the right to take these actions, account holders are solely responsible for managing the exercise/assignment risks associated with the positions in their accounts. IBKR is under no obligation to manage such risks for you.
IBKR also reserves the right to liquidate positions on the afternoon before settlement if IBKR’s systems project that the effect of settlement would result in a margin deficit. To protect against these scenarios as expiration nears, IBKR will simulate the effect of expiration assuming plausible underlying price scenarios and evaluating the exposure of each account after settlement. For instance, if IBKR projects that positions will be removed from the account as a result of settlement (e.g., if options will expire out of the money or cash-settled options will expire in the money), IBKR’s systems will evaluate the margin effect of those settlement events.
If IBKR determines the exposure is excessive, IBKR may liquidate positions in the account to resolve the projected margin deficiency. Account holders may monitor this expiration related margin exposure via the Account window located within the TWS. The projected margin excess will be displayed on the line titled “Post-Expiry Margin” (see below) which, if negative and highlighted in red indicates that your account may be subject to forced position liquidations. This exposure calculation is performed 3 days prior to the next expiration and is updated approximately every 15 minutes. Note that certain account types which employ a hierarchy structure (e.g., Separate Trading Limit account) will have this information presented only at the master account level where the computation is aggregated.
Note that IBKR generally initiates expiration related liquidations 2 hours prior to the close, but reserves the right to begin this process sooner or later should conditions warrant. In addition, liquidations are prioritized based upon a number of account-specific criteria including the Net Liquidating Value, projected post-expiration deficit, and the relationship between the option strike price and underlying.
Call Spreads in Advance of Ex-Dividend Date
In the event that you are holding a call spread (long and short calls having the same underlying) prior to an ex-dividend date in the underlying, and if you have not liquidated the spread or exercised the long call(s), IBKR reserves the right to: i) exercise some or all of the long call(s); and/or ii) liquidate (i.e., close out) some or all of the spreads - if IBKR, in its sole discretion, anticipates that: a) the short call(s) is (are) likely to be assigned; and b) your account would not ave sufficient equity to satisfy the liability to pay the dividend or to satisfy margin requirements generally. In the event that IBKR exercises the long call(s) in this scenario and you are not assigned on the short call(s), you could suffer losses. Likewise, if IBKR liquidates some or all of your spread position, you may suffer losses or incur an investment result that was not your objective.
In order to avoid this scenario, you should carefully review your option positions and your account equity prior to any ex-dividend date of the underlying and you should manage your risk and your account accordingly.
Physically Delivered Futures
With the exception of certain futures contracts having currencies or metals as their underlying, IBKR generally does not allow clients to make or receive delivery of the underlying for physically settled futures or futures option contracts. To avoid deliveries in an expiring contract, clients must either roll the contract forward or close the position prior to the Close-Out Deadline specific to that contract (a list of which is provided on the website).
Note that it is the client’s responsibility to be aware of the Close-Out Deadline and physically delivered contracts which are not closed out within the specified time frame may be liquidated by IBKR without prior notification.